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The Essential Feminist Reader

Part of Modern Library Classics

Edited by Estelle Freedman
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Random House Group | Modern Library
On sale Sep 18, 2007 | 496 Pages | 978-0-8129-7460-7
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  • English > Comparative Literature > Feminist Theory and Literary Criticism
  • History > Race and Gender Studies > History of Gender in America
  • History > Race and Gender Studies > History of Women in America
  • Interdisciplinary Studies > Women's and Gender Studies > Introduction to Gender Studies
  • Interdisciplinary Studies > Women's and Gender Studies > Introduction to Women's Studies
  • Interdisciplinary Studies > Women's and Gender Studies > Women and History
  • Sociology > Introduction to Sociology
  • Sociology > Race / Class / Gender > Gender Studies
  • About
  • Table of Contents
  • Excerpt
Including: Susan B. Anthony Simone de Beauvoir W.E.B. Du Bois Hélène Cixous Betty Friedan Charlotte Perkins Gilman Emma Goldman Guerrilla Girls Ding Ling • Audre Lorde John Stuart Mill Christine de Pizan Adrienne Rich Margaret Sanger Huda Shaarawi • Sojourner Truth Mary Wollstonecraft Virginia Woolf

The Essential Feminist Reader is the first anthology to present the full scope of feminist history. Prizewinning historian Estelle B. Freedman brings decades of teaching experience and scholarship to her selections, which span more than five centuries. Moving beyond standard texts by English and American thinkers, this collection features primary source material from around the globe, including short works of fiction and drama, political manifestos, and the work of less well-known writers.

Freedman’s cogent Introduction assesses the challenges facing feminism, while her accessible, lively commentary contextualizes each piece. The Essential Feminist Reader is a vital addition to feminist scholarship, and an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the history of women.
Introduction xi
DOCUMENTS
1. Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies (France, 1405) 3

2. Franc¸ois Poullain de la Barre, On the Equality of the Two Sexes (France, 1673) 10

3. Sor Juana Ine´s de la Cruz, “The Reply to Sor Philotea” (Mexico, 1691) 15

4. Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (England, 1694) 20

5. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (England, 1792) 24

6. Li Ju-chen, Flowers in the Mirror (China, c. 1800) 37

7. Sarah M. Grimke´, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (United States, 1837) 47

8. Flora Tristan, “The Emancipation of Working Class Women” (France, 1843) 52

9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” (United States, 1848) 57

10. Sojourner Truth, Two Speeches (United States, 1851, 1867) 63

11. Harriet Taylor Mill, “The Enfranchisement of Women” (England, 1851) 67

12. John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (England, 1869) 73

13. Susan B. Anthony, “Social Purity” (United States, 1875) 85

14. Henrik Ibsen, The Doll’s House (Sweden, 1879) 92

15. Kishida Toshiko, “Daughters in Boxes” ( Japan, 1883) 99

16. Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (Germany, 1884) 104

17. Francisca Diniz, “Equality of Rights” (Brazil, 1890) 112

18. Anna Julia Cooper, A Voice from the South (United States, 1892) 116

19. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “The Solitude of Self ” (United States, 1892) 122

20. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, “The Yellow Wallpaper” (United States, 1892) 128

21. Qasim Amin, The Liberation of Women (Egypt, 1899) 145

22. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, “Sultana’s Dream” (India, 1905) 153

23. Qiu Jin, Stones of the Jingwei Bird (China, 1905—07) 165

24. Emma Goldman, “The Tragedy of Woman’s Emancipation” (United States, 1906) 168

25. Alexandra Kollontai, “The Social Basis of the Woman Question” (Russia, 1909) 175

26. three poems:
182 Sara Estela Rami´rez, “Rise Up! To Woman” (United States, 1910)
Yosano Akiko, “The Day the Mountains Move” (Japan, 1911)
James Oppenheim, “Bread and Roses” (United States, 1911)

27. Luisa Capetillo, Mi opinión (Puerto Rico, 1911) 186

28. Emmeline Pankhurst, Suffrage Speech at Old Bailey (England, 1912) 192

29. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Resolutions of the Zurich Conference (1919) 199

30. W.E.B. Du Bois, “The Damnation of Women” (United States, 1919) 204

31. Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (United States, 1920) 211

32. Shareefeh Hamid Ali, “East and West in Cooperation” (India, 1935) 217

33. Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas (England, 1938) 220

34. Alva Myrdal, Nation and Family (Sweden, 1941) 231

35. Ding Ling, “Thoughts on March 8” (China, 1942) 237

36. Huda Shaarawi, Speeches at Arab Feminist Conference (Egypt, 1944) 243

37. Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, “We Had Equality till Britain Came” (Nigeria, 1947) 247

38. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (France, 1949) 251

39. Federation of South African Women, Women’s Charter and Aims (South Africa, 1954) 263

40. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (United States, 1963) 269

41. Pauli Murray, Testimony, House Committee on Education and Labor (United States, 1970) 283

42. Pat Mainardi, “The Politics of Housework” (United States, 1970) 288

43. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, Our Bodies, Ourselves (United States, 1973) 295

44. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, “A General Strike” (Italy, 1974) 300

45. Committee on the Status of Women in India, Towards Equality (India, 1974) 304

46. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (United States, 1975) 311

47. He´le`ne Cixous, “The Laugh of the Medusa” (France, 1975) 318

48. Combahee River Collective, “A Black Feminist Statement” (United States, 1977) 325

49. Audre Lorde, “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House” (United States, 1979) 331

50. United Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) 336

51. Domitila Barrios de la Chungara, “The Woman’s Problem” (Bolivia, 1980) 346

52. Association of African Women for Research and Development, “A Statement on Genital Mutilation” (Senegal, 1980) 351

53. Anonymous, “How It All Began: I Have Had an Abortion” (Germany, 1981) 355

54. Monique Wittig, “One Is Not Born a Woman” (France, 1981) 359

55. Adrienne Rich, “Notes Toward a Politics of Location” (United States, 1984) 367

56. Gloria Anzaldu´a, “La Conciencia de la Mestiza: Toward a New Consciousness” (United States, 1987) 385

57. Guerrilla Girls, “When Sexism and Racism Are No Longer Fashionable” and “Do Women Have To Be Naked To Get into the Met. Museum?” (United States, 1989) 391

58. Kathleen Hanna / Bikini Kill, “Riot Grrrl Manifesto” (United States, 1992) 394

59. Rebecca Walker, “Becoming the Third Wave” (United States, 1992) 397

60. United Nations, Fourth World Conference on Women, Speeches (1995) 402
Gertrude Mongella (Tanzania), Opening Address, Plenary Session
Winona LaDuke (United States), “The Indigenous
Women’s Network, Our Future, Our Responsibility”
Palesa Beverley Ditsie (South Africa), Statement of the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
Gro Haarlem Brundtland (Norway), Closing Address

61. Sylviane Agacinski, Parity of the Sexes (France, 1998) 415

62. Jonah Gokova, “Challenging Men to Reject Gender Stereotypes” (Zimbabwe, 1998) 420

63. Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards, Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future (United States, 2000) 424

64. Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, “Statement on the Occasion of International Women’s Day” (Afghanistan, 2004) 427

Sources for Documents 431
Selected Bibliography 439
Acknowledgments 443
Permission Acknowledgments 445
Index 451
Christine de Pizan

(1365-c. 1430)

The Book of the City of Ladies

(France, 1405)

For centuries, European writers grappled with the querelles desfemmes, or the "woman question," in response to the work of Christine de Pizan. At a time when both the Catholic Church andmedieval states reinforced patriarchal authority in the family, dePizan questioned the biblical and natural justifications for men'srule over women. Whether cursed by the sin of Eve or presumed to be intellectually as well as physically weaker then men, women generally did not merit education. During the Renaissance, however, women whowished to extend humanist ideas about the importance of education to their own sex defended female intellectual capacity. Born in Veniceand raised in Paris, Christine de Pizan read widely in the subjects ofphilosophy and science (her father was a scholar). When she became ayoung widow, she put her education to good use, supporting her family as a writer. In Epistre au dieu d'Amours (Poems of Cupid, God ofLove) (1399), she defended Eve. In The Book of the City of Ladies, thecharacters Christine converses with are three Ladies-Reason, Rectitude, and Justice-who refute contemporary theories of female inferiority. The Ladies also catalogue the learned women of the Bibleand of classical myth, as well as the women who illustrate female intellectual capability in history. Over the next six hundred years, feminists continued to place female education at the foundation oftheir quest to achieve women's full humanity.

One day as I was sitting alone in my study surrounded by books on all kinds of subjects, devoting myself to literary studies, my usual habit, my mind dwelt at length on the weighty opinions of various authors whom I had studied for a long time. I looked up from my book,having decided to leave such subtle questions in peace and to relax by reading some light poetry. With this in mind, I searched for some small book. By chance a strange volume came into my hands, not one of my own, but one which had been given to me along with some others.When I held it open and saw from its title page that it was by Mathéolus, I smiled, for though I had never seen it before, I had often heard that like other books it discussed respect for women. I thought I would browse through it to amuse myself. I had not been reading for very long when my good mother called me to refresh myself with some supper, for it was evening. Intending to look at it the next day, I put it down. The next morning, again seated in my study as was my habit, I remembered wanting to examine this book by Mathéolus. I started to read it and went on for a little while. Because the subject seemed to me not very pleasant for people who do not enjoy lies, andof no use in developing virtue or manners, given its lack of integrity in diction and theme, and after browsing here and there and reading the end, I put it down in order to turn my attention to more elevated and useful study. But just the sight of this book, even though it was of no authority, made me wonder how it happened that so many different men-and learned men among them-have been and are so inclined to express both in speaking and in their treatises and writings so many wicked insults about women and their behavior. Not only one or two and not even just this Mathéolus (for this book had a bad name anyway and was intended as a satire) but, more generally, judging from thetreatises of all philosophers and poets and from all the orators-it would take too long to mention their names-it seems that they all speak from one and the same mouth. They all concur in one conclusion:that the behavior of women is inclined to and full of every vice.Thinking deeply about these matters, I began to examine my characterand conduct as a natural woman and, similarly, I considered other women whose company I frequently kept, princesses, great ladies, womenof the middle and lower classes, who had graciously told me of their most private and intimate thoughts, hoping that I could judge impartially and in good conscience whether the testimony of so many notable men could be true. To the best of my knowledge, no matter how long I confronted or dissected the problem, I could not see or realize how their claims could be true when compared to the natural behaviorand character of women. Yet I still argued vehemently against women, saying that it would be impossible that so many famous men-such solemn scholars, possessed of such deep and great understanding, so clear-sighted in all things, as it seemed-could have spoken falsely on so many occasions that I could hardly find a book on morals where,even before I had read it in its entirety, I did not find severalchapters or certain sections attacking women, no matter who the authorwas. This reason alone, in short, made me conclude that, although my intellect did not perceive my own great faults and, likewise, those ofother women because of its simpleness and ignorance, it was however truly fitting that such was the case. And so I relied more on thejudgment of others than on what I myself felt and knew. I was so transfixed in this line of thinking for such a long time that it seemed as if I were in a stupor. Like a gushing fountain, a series of authorities, whom I recalled one after another, came to mind, along with their opinions on this topic. And I finally decided that God formed a vile creature when He made woman, and I wondered how such aworthy artisan could have deigned to make such an abominable workwhich, from what they say, is the vessel as well as the refuge and abode of every evil and vice. As I was thinking this, a great unhappiness and sadness welled up in my heart, for I detested myself and the entire feminine sex, as though we were monstrosities innature. And in my lament I spoke these words: "Oh, God, how can this be? For unless I stray from my faith, I must never doubt that Your infinite wisdom and most perfect goodness ever created anything which was not good. Did You yourself not create woman in a very special way and since that time did You not give herall those inclinations which it pleased You for her to have? And how could it be that You could go wrong in anything? Yet look at all these accusations which have been judged, decided, and concluded against women. I do not know how to understand this repugnance. If it is so, fair Lord God, that in fact so many abominations abound in the female sex, for You Yourself say that the testimony of two or three witnesses lends credence, why shall I not doubt that this is true? Alas, God,why did You not let me be born in the world as a man, so that all my inclinations would be to serve You better, and so that I would not stray in anything and would be as perfect as a man is said to be? Butsince Your kindness has not been extended to me, then forgive my negligence in Your service, most fair Lord God, and may it not displease You, for the servant who receives fewer gifts from his lordis less obliged in his service." I spoke these words to God in my lament and a great deal more for a very long time in sad reflection,and in my folly I considered myself most unfortunate because God had made me inhabit a female body in this world. . . .

After hearing these things, I replied to the lady [Reason] who spoke infallibly: "My lady, truly has God revealed great wonders in the strength of these women whom you describe. But please enlighten me again, whether it has ever pleased this God, who has bestowed so many favors on women, to honor the feminine sex with the privilege of thevirtue of high understanding and great learning, and whether women ever have a clever enough mind for this. I wish very much to know this because men maintain that the mind of women can learn only a little." She answered, "My daughter, since I told you before, you know quite well that the opposite of their opinion is true, and to show you this even more clearly, I will give you proof through examples. I tell you again-and don't fear a contradiction-if it were customary to send daughters to school like sons, and if they were then taught the natural sciences, they would learn as thoroughly and understand the subtleties of all the arts and sciences as well as sons. And by chance there happen to be such women, for, as I touched on before, just as women have more delicate bodies than men, weaker and less able to perform many tasks, so do they have minds that are freer and sharper whenever they apply themselves."

"My lady, what are you saying? With all due respect, could you dwell longer on this point, please. Certainly men would never admitthis answer is true, unless it is explained more plainly, for they believe that one normally sees that men know more than womendo."

She answered, "Do you know why women know less?"

"Not unless you tell me, my lady."

"Without the slightest doubt, it is because they are not involved in many different things, but stay at home, where it is enough for them to run the household, and there is nothing which so instructs a reasonable creature as the exercise and experience of many different things."

"My lady, since they have minds skilled in conceptualizing and learning, just like men, why don't women learn more?"

She replied, "Because, my daughter, the public does not require them to get involved in the affairs which men are commissioned to execute, just as I told you before. It is enough for women to performthe usual duties to which they are ordained. As for judging from experience, since one sees that women usually know less than men, that therefore their capacity for understanding is less, look at men who farm the flatlands or who live in the mountains. You will find that in many countries they seem completely savage because they are so simple-minded. All the same, there is no doubt that Nature provided them with the qualities of body and mind found in the wisest and most learned men. All of this stems from a failure to learn, though, just as I told you, among men and women, some possess better minds than others. Let me tell you about women who have possessed great learning and profound understanding and treat the question of the similarity of women's minds to men's." . . . "My lady, I see the endless benefits which have accrued to the world through women and nevertheless these men claim that there is no evil which has not come into the world because of them."

"Fair friend," she answered, "you can see from what I have already said to you that the contrary of what they say is true. For there is no man who could sum up the enormous benefits which have come about through women and which come about every day, and I proved this for you with the examples of the noble ladies who gave the sciences and arts to the world. But, if what I have said about the earthly benefits accruing thanks to women is not enough for you, I will tell you about the spiritual ones. Oh, how could any man be so heartless to forget that the door of Paradise was opened to him by a woman? As I told you before, it was opened by the Virgin Mary, and is there anything greater one could ask for than that God was made man?And who can forget the great benefits which mothers bring to their sons and which wives bring to their husbands? I implore them at thevery least not to forget the advantages which touch upon spiritual good. Let us consider the Law of the Jews. If you recall the story of Moses, to whom God gave the written Law of the Jews, you will find that this holy prophet, through whom so much good has come about, was saved from death by a woman, just as I will tell you. . . .

"My lady [Rectitude], you have given me a remarkable account of the marvelous constancy, strength, endurance, and virtue of women. What more could one say about the strongest men who have lived? Men,especially writing in books, vociferously and unanimously claim that women in particular are fickle and inconstant, changeable and flighty,weak-hearted, compliant like children, and lacking all stamina. Are the men who accuse women of so much changeableness and inconstancy themselves so unwavering that change for them lies outside the realmof custom or common occurrence? Of course, if they themselves are notthat firm, then it is truly despicable for them to accuse others oftheir own vice or to demand a virtue which they do not themselves knowhow to practice."

She replied, "Fair sweet friend, have you not heard the sayingthat the fool can clearly see the mote in his neighbor's eye but pays no attention to the beam hanging out of his own eye? Let me pointout to you the contradiction in what these men say concerning the variability and inconstancy of women: since they all generally accuse women of being delicate and frail by nature, you would assume that they think that they are constant, or, at the very least, that women are less constant than they are. Yet they demand more constancy from women than they themselves can muster, for these men who claim to be so strong and of such noble condition are unable to prevent themselves from falling into many, even graver faults and sins, not all of them out of ignorance, but rather out of pure malice, knowing well that they are in the wrong. All the same, they excuse themselves for this by claiming it is human nature to sin. When a few women lapse (and when these men themselves, through their own strivings and their ownpower, are the cause), then as far as these men are concerned, it is completely a matter of fragility and inconstancy. It seems to me right, nevertheless, to conclude-since they claim women are so fragile-that these men should be somewhat more tolerant of women's weaknesses and not hold something to be a crime for women which theyconsider only a peccadillo for themselves. For the law does not maintain, nor can any such written opinion be found that permits the mand not women to sin, that their vice is more excusable. In fact these men allow themselves liberties which they are unwilling to tolerate inwomen and thus they-and they are many-perpetrate many insults and outrages in word and deed. Nor do they deign to repute women strong and constant for having endured such men's harsh outrages. In this way men try in every question to have the right on their side-they want to have it both ways! You yourself have quite adequately discussed this problem in your Epistre au Dieu d'Amour. . ..
Copyright © 2007 by Estelle Freedman. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.

About

Including: Susan B. Anthony Simone de Beauvoir W.E.B. Du Bois Hélène Cixous Betty Friedan Charlotte Perkins Gilman Emma Goldman Guerrilla Girls Ding Ling • Audre Lorde John Stuart Mill Christine de Pizan Adrienne Rich Margaret Sanger Huda Shaarawi • Sojourner Truth Mary Wollstonecraft Virginia Woolf

The Essential Feminist Reader is the first anthology to present the full scope of feminist history. Prizewinning historian Estelle B. Freedman brings decades of teaching experience and scholarship to her selections, which span more than five centuries. Moving beyond standard texts by English and American thinkers, this collection features primary source material from around the globe, including short works of fiction and drama, political manifestos, and the work of less well-known writers.

Freedman’s cogent Introduction assesses the challenges facing feminism, while her accessible, lively commentary contextualizes each piece. The Essential Feminist Reader is a vital addition to feminist scholarship, and an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the history of women.

Table of Contents

Introduction xi
DOCUMENTS
1. Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies (France, 1405) 3

2. Franc¸ois Poullain de la Barre, On the Equality of the Two Sexes (France, 1673) 10

3. Sor Juana Ine´s de la Cruz, “The Reply to Sor Philotea” (Mexico, 1691) 15

4. Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (England, 1694) 20

5. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (England, 1792) 24

6. Li Ju-chen, Flowers in the Mirror (China, c. 1800) 37

7. Sarah M. Grimke´, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (United States, 1837) 47

8. Flora Tristan, “The Emancipation of Working Class Women” (France, 1843) 52

9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” (United States, 1848) 57

10. Sojourner Truth, Two Speeches (United States, 1851, 1867) 63

11. Harriet Taylor Mill, “The Enfranchisement of Women” (England, 1851) 67

12. John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (England, 1869) 73

13. Susan B. Anthony, “Social Purity” (United States, 1875) 85

14. Henrik Ibsen, The Doll’s House (Sweden, 1879) 92

15. Kishida Toshiko, “Daughters in Boxes” ( Japan, 1883) 99

16. Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (Germany, 1884) 104

17. Francisca Diniz, “Equality of Rights” (Brazil, 1890) 112

18. Anna Julia Cooper, A Voice from the South (United States, 1892) 116

19. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “The Solitude of Self ” (United States, 1892) 122

20. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, “The Yellow Wallpaper” (United States, 1892) 128

21. Qasim Amin, The Liberation of Women (Egypt, 1899) 145

22. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, “Sultana’s Dream” (India, 1905) 153

23. Qiu Jin, Stones of the Jingwei Bird (China, 1905—07) 165

24. Emma Goldman, “The Tragedy of Woman’s Emancipation” (United States, 1906) 168

25. Alexandra Kollontai, “The Social Basis of the Woman Question” (Russia, 1909) 175

26. three poems:
182 Sara Estela Rami´rez, “Rise Up! To Woman” (United States, 1910)
Yosano Akiko, “The Day the Mountains Move” (Japan, 1911)
James Oppenheim, “Bread and Roses” (United States, 1911)

27. Luisa Capetillo, Mi opinión (Puerto Rico, 1911) 186

28. Emmeline Pankhurst, Suffrage Speech at Old Bailey (England, 1912) 192

29. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Resolutions of the Zurich Conference (1919) 199

30. W.E.B. Du Bois, “The Damnation of Women” (United States, 1919) 204

31. Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (United States, 1920) 211

32. Shareefeh Hamid Ali, “East and West in Cooperation” (India, 1935) 217

33. Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas (England, 1938) 220

34. Alva Myrdal, Nation and Family (Sweden, 1941) 231

35. Ding Ling, “Thoughts on March 8” (China, 1942) 237

36. Huda Shaarawi, Speeches at Arab Feminist Conference (Egypt, 1944) 243

37. Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, “We Had Equality till Britain Came” (Nigeria, 1947) 247

38. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (France, 1949) 251

39. Federation of South African Women, Women’s Charter and Aims (South Africa, 1954) 263

40. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (United States, 1963) 269

41. Pauli Murray, Testimony, House Committee on Education and Labor (United States, 1970) 283

42. Pat Mainardi, “The Politics of Housework” (United States, 1970) 288

43. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, Our Bodies, Ourselves (United States, 1973) 295

44. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, “A General Strike” (Italy, 1974) 300

45. Committee on the Status of Women in India, Towards Equality (India, 1974) 304

46. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (United States, 1975) 311

47. He´le`ne Cixous, “The Laugh of the Medusa” (France, 1975) 318

48. Combahee River Collective, “A Black Feminist Statement” (United States, 1977) 325

49. Audre Lorde, “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House” (United States, 1979) 331

50. United Nations, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) 336

51. Domitila Barrios de la Chungara, “The Woman’s Problem” (Bolivia, 1980) 346

52. Association of African Women for Research and Development, “A Statement on Genital Mutilation” (Senegal, 1980) 351

53. Anonymous, “How It All Began: I Have Had an Abortion” (Germany, 1981) 355

54. Monique Wittig, “One Is Not Born a Woman” (France, 1981) 359

55. Adrienne Rich, “Notes Toward a Politics of Location” (United States, 1984) 367

56. Gloria Anzaldu´a, “La Conciencia de la Mestiza: Toward a New Consciousness” (United States, 1987) 385

57. Guerrilla Girls, “When Sexism and Racism Are No Longer Fashionable” and “Do Women Have To Be Naked To Get into the Met. Museum?” (United States, 1989) 391

58. Kathleen Hanna / Bikini Kill, “Riot Grrrl Manifesto” (United States, 1992) 394

59. Rebecca Walker, “Becoming the Third Wave” (United States, 1992) 397

60. United Nations, Fourth World Conference on Women, Speeches (1995) 402
Gertrude Mongella (Tanzania), Opening Address, Plenary Session
Winona LaDuke (United States), “The Indigenous
Women’s Network, Our Future, Our Responsibility”
Palesa Beverley Ditsie (South Africa), Statement of the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
Gro Haarlem Brundtland (Norway), Closing Address

61. Sylviane Agacinski, Parity of the Sexes (France, 1998) 415

62. Jonah Gokova, “Challenging Men to Reject Gender Stereotypes” (Zimbabwe, 1998) 420

63. Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards, Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future (United States, 2000) 424

64. Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, “Statement on the Occasion of International Women’s Day” (Afghanistan, 2004) 427

Sources for Documents 431
Selected Bibliography 439
Acknowledgments 443
Permission Acknowledgments 445
Index 451

Excerpt

Christine de Pizan

(1365-c. 1430)

The Book of the City of Ladies

(France, 1405)

For centuries, European writers grappled with the querelles desfemmes, or the "woman question," in response to the work of Christine de Pizan. At a time when both the Catholic Church andmedieval states reinforced patriarchal authority in the family, dePizan questioned the biblical and natural justifications for men'srule over women. Whether cursed by the sin of Eve or presumed to be intellectually as well as physically weaker then men, women generally did not merit education. During the Renaissance, however, women whowished to extend humanist ideas about the importance of education to their own sex defended female intellectual capacity. Born in Veniceand raised in Paris, Christine de Pizan read widely in the subjects ofphilosophy and science (her father was a scholar). When she became ayoung widow, she put her education to good use, supporting her family as a writer. In Epistre au dieu d'Amours (Poems of Cupid, God ofLove) (1399), she defended Eve. In The Book of the City of Ladies, thecharacters Christine converses with are three Ladies-Reason, Rectitude, and Justice-who refute contemporary theories of female inferiority. The Ladies also catalogue the learned women of the Bibleand of classical myth, as well as the women who illustrate female intellectual capability in history. Over the next six hundred years, feminists continued to place female education at the foundation oftheir quest to achieve women's full humanity.

One day as I was sitting alone in my study surrounded by books on all kinds of subjects, devoting myself to literary studies, my usual habit, my mind dwelt at length on the weighty opinions of various authors whom I had studied for a long time. I looked up from my book,having decided to leave such subtle questions in peace and to relax by reading some light poetry. With this in mind, I searched for some small book. By chance a strange volume came into my hands, not one of my own, but one which had been given to me along with some others.When I held it open and saw from its title page that it was by Mathéolus, I smiled, for though I had never seen it before, I had often heard that like other books it discussed respect for women. I thought I would browse through it to amuse myself. I had not been reading for very long when my good mother called me to refresh myself with some supper, for it was evening. Intending to look at it the next day, I put it down. The next morning, again seated in my study as was my habit, I remembered wanting to examine this book by Mathéolus. I started to read it and went on for a little while. Because the subject seemed to me not very pleasant for people who do not enjoy lies, andof no use in developing virtue or manners, given its lack of integrity in diction and theme, and after browsing here and there and reading the end, I put it down in order to turn my attention to more elevated and useful study. But just the sight of this book, even though it was of no authority, made me wonder how it happened that so many different men-and learned men among them-have been and are so inclined to express both in speaking and in their treatises and writings so many wicked insults about women and their behavior. Not only one or two and not even just this Mathéolus (for this book had a bad name anyway and was intended as a satire) but, more generally, judging from thetreatises of all philosophers and poets and from all the orators-it would take too long to mention their names-it seems that they all speak from one and the same mouth. They all concur in one conclusion:that the behavior of women is inclined to and full of every vice.Thinking deeply about these matters, I began to examine my characterand conduct as a natural woman and, similarly, I considered other women whose company I frequently kept, princesses, great ladies, womenof the middle and lower classes, who had graciously told me of their most private and intimate thoughts, hoping that I could judge impartially and in good conscience whether the testimony of so many notable men could be true. To the best of my knowledge, no matter how long I confronted or dissected the problem, I could not see or realize how their claims could be true when compared to the natural behaviorand character of women. Yet I still argued vehemently against women, saying that it would be impossible that so many famous men-such solemn scholars, possessed of such deep and great understanding, so clear-sighted in all things, as it seemed-could have spoken falsely on so many occasions that I could hardly find a book on morals where,even before I had read it in its entirety, I did not find severalchapters or certain sections attacking women, no matter who the authorwas. This reason alone, in short, made me conclude that, although my intellect did not perceive my own great faults and, likewise, those ofother women because of its simpleness and ignorance, it was however truly fitting that such was the case. And so I relied more on thejudgment of others than on what I myself felt and knew. I was so transfixed in this line of thinking for such a long time that it seemed as if I were in a stupor. Like a gushing fountain, a series of authorities, whom I recalled one after another, came to mind, along with their opinions on this topic. And I finally decided that God formed a vile creature when He made woman, and I wondered how such aworthy artisan could have deigned to make such an abominable workwhich, from what they say, is the vessel as well as the refuge and abode of every evil and vice. As I was thinking this, a great unhappiness and sadness welled up in my heart, for I detested myself and the entire feminine sex, as though we were monstrosities innature. And in my lament I spoke these words: "Oh, God, how can this be? For unless I stray from my faith, I must never doubt that Your infinite wisdom and most perfect goodness ever created anything which was not good. Did You yourself not create woman in a very special way and since that time did You not give herall those inclinations which it pleased You for her to have? And how could it be that You could go wrong in anything? Yet look at all these accusations which have been judged, decided, and concluded against women. I do not know how to understand this repugnance. If it is so, fair Lord God, that in fact so many abominations abound in the female sex, for You Yourself say that the testimony of two or three witnesses lends credence, why shall I not doubt that this is true? Alas, God,why did You not let me be born in the world as a man, so that all my inclinations would be to serve You better, and so that I would not stray in anything and would be as perfect as a man is said to be? Butsince Your kindness has not been extended to me, then forgive my negligence in Your service, most fair Lord God, and may it not displease You, for the servant who receives fewer gifts from his lordis less obliged in his service." I spoke these words to God in my lament and a great deal more for a very long time in sad reflection,and in my folly I considered myself most unfortunate because God had made me inhabit a female body in this world. . . .

After hearing these things, I replied to the lady [Reason] who spoke infallibly: "My lady, truly has God revealed great wonders in the strength of these women whom you describe. But please enlighten me again, whether it has ever pleased this God, who has bestowed so many favors on women, to honor the feminine sex with the privilege of thevirtue of high understanding and great learning, and whether women ever have a clever enough mind for this. I wish very much to know this because men maintain that the mind of women can learn only a little." She answered, "My daughter, since I told you before, you know quite well that the opposite of their opinion is true, and to show you this even more clearly, I will give you proof through examples. I tell you again-and don't fear a contradiction-if it were customary to send daughters to school like sons, and if they were then taught the natural sciences, they would learn as thoroughly and understand the subtleties of all the arts and sciences as well as sons. And by chance there happen to be such women, for, as I touched on before, just as women have more delicate bodies than men, weaker and less able to perform many tasks, so do they have minds that are freer and sharper whenever they apply themselves."

"My lady, what are you saying? With all due respect, could you dwell longer on this point, please. Certainly men would never admitthis answer is true, unless it is explained more plainly, for they believe that one normally sees that men know more than womendo."

She answered, "Do you know why women know less?"

"Not unless you tell me, my lady."

"Without the slightest doubt, it is because they are not involved in many different things, but stay at home, where it is enough for them to run the household, and there is nothing which so instructs a reasonable creature as the exercise and experience of many different things."

"My lady, since they have minds skilled in conceptualizing and learning, just like men, why don't women learn more?"

She replied, "Because, my daughter, the public does not require them to get involved in the affairs which men are commissioned to execute, just as I told you before. It is enough for women to performthe usual duties to which they are ordained. As for judging from experience, since one sees that women usually know less than men, that therefore their capacity for understanding is less, look at men who farm the flatlands or who live in the mountains. You will find that in many countries they seem completely savage because they are so simple-minded. All the same, there is no doubt that Nature provided them with the qualities of body and mind found in the wisest and most learned men. All of this stems from a failure to learn, though, just as I told you, among men and women, some possess better minds than others. Let me tell you about women who have possessed great learning and profound understanding and treat the question of the similarity of women's minds to men's." . . . "My lady, I see the endless benefits which have accrued to the world through women and nevertheless these men claim that there is no evil which has not come into the world because of them."

"Fair friend," she answered, "you can see from what I have already said to you that the contrary of what they say is true. For there is no man who could sum up the enormous benefits which have come about through women and which come about every day, and I proved this for you with the examples of the noble ladies who gave the sciences and arts to the world. But, if what I have said about the earthly benefits accruing thanks to women is not enough for you, I will tell you about the spiritual ones. Oh, how could any man be so heartless to forget that the door of Paradise was opened to him by a woman? As I told you before, it was opened by the Virgin Mary, and is there anything greater one could ask for than that God was made man?And who can forget the great benefits which mothers bring to their sons and which wives bring to their husbands? I implore them at thevery least not to forget the advantages which touch upon spiritual good. Let us consider the Law of the Jews. If you recall the story of Moses, to whom God gave the written Law of the Jews, you will find that this holy prophet, through whom so much good has come about, was saved from death by a woman, just as I will tell you. . . .

"My lady [Rectitude], you have given me a remarkable account of the marvelous constancy, strength, endurance, and virtue of women. What more could one say about the strongest men who have lived? Men,especially writing in books, vociferously and unanimously claim that women in particular are fickle and inconstant, changeable and flighty,weak-hearted, compliant like children, and lacking all stamina. Are the men who accuse women of so much changeableness and inconstancy themselves so unwavering that change for them lies outside the realmof custom or common occurrence? Of course, if they themselves are notthat firm, then it is truly despicable for them to accuse others oftheir own vice or to demand a virtue which they do not themselves knowhow to practice."

She replied, "Fair sweet friend, have you not heard the sayingthat the fool can clearly see the mote in his neighbor's eye but pays no attention to the beam hanging out of his own eye? Let me pointout to you the contradiction in what these men say concerning the variability and inconstancy of women: since they all generally accuse women of being delicate and frail by nature, you would assume that they think that they are constant, or, at the very least, that women are less constant than they are. Yet they demand more constancy from women than they themselves can muster, for these men who claim to be so strong and of such noble condition are unable to prevent themselves from falling into many, even graver faults and sins, not all of them out of ignorance, but rather out of pure malice, knowing well that they are in the wrong. All the same, they excuse themselves for this by claiming it is human nature to sin. When a few women lapse (and when these men themselves, through their own strivings and their ownpower, are the cause), then as far as these men are concerned, it is completely a matter of fragility and inconstancy. It seems to me right, nevertheless, to conclude-since they claim women are so fragile-that these men should be somewhat more tolerant of women's weaknesses and not hold something to be a crime for women which theyconsider only a peccadillo for themselves. For the law does not maintain, nor can any such written opinion be found that permits the mand not women to sin, that their vice is more excusable. In fact these men allow themselves liberties which they are unwilling to tolerate inwomen and thus they-and they are many-perpetrate many insults and outrages in word and deed. Nor do they deign to repute women strong and constant for having endured such men's harsh outrages. In this way men try in every question to have the right on their side-they want to have it both ways! You yourself have quite adequately discussed this problem in your Epistre au Dieu d'Amour. . ..
Copyright © 2007 by Estelle Freedman. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.

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    Feb 05, 2008
  • Jacques Futrelle's "The Thinking Machine"
    Jacques Futrelle's "The Thinking Machine"
    The Enigmatic Problems of Prof. Augustus S. F. X. Van Dusen, Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S., M. D., M. D. S.
    Jacques Futrelle
    978-0-307-43133-2
    $7.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Pure Pagan
    Pure Pagan
    Seven Centuries of Greek Poems and Fragments
    978-0-307-43164-6
    $7.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Representative Men
    Representative Men
    Seven Lectures
    Ralph Waldo Emerson
    978-0-307-43169-1
    $10.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Tono-Bungay
    Tono-Bungay
    H. G. Wells
    978-0-307-43282-7
    $2.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • When the Sleeper Wakes
    When the Sleeper Wakes
    H. G. Wells
    978-0-307-43287-2
    $2.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Siddhartha
    Siddhartha
    Hermann Hesse
    978-0-8129-7478-2
    $15.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Dec 04, 2007
  • Northanger Abbey
    Northanger Abbey
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38683-0
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • Emma
    Emma
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38684-7
    $9.95 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • Sense and Sensibility
    Sense and Sensibility
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38687-8
    $6.95 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • Mansfield Park
    Mansfield Park
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38688-5
    $13.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow
    The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow
    Clarence Darrow
    978-0-8129-6677-0
    $17.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 12, 2007
  • Life on the Mississippi
    Life on the Mississippi
    Mark Twain
    978-0-375-75937-6
    $13.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 29, 2007
  • Wuthering Heights
    Wuthering Heights
    Emily Bronte
    978-0-593-24403-6
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Dec 07, 2021
  • The Voyage Out
    The Voyage Out
    Virginia Woolf
    978-0-593-24262-9
    $15.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jul 06, 2021
  • The Southern Woman
    The Southern Woman
    Selected Fiction
    Elizabeth Spencer
    978-0-593-24118-9
    $18.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 11, 2021
  • The Squatter and the Don
    The Squatter and the Don
    Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton
    978-0-593-23123-4
    $17.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Mar 02, 2021
  • Leaves of Grass
    Leaves of Grass
    Walt Whitman
    978-1-9848-9755-8
    $13.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    May 28, 2019
  • The Mysterious Affair at Styles
    The Mysterious Affair at Styles
    The First Hercule Poirot Mystery
    Agatha Christie
    978-0-525-56510-9
    $10.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Apr 30, 2019
  • The War of the Worlds
    The War of the Worlds
    H. G. Wells
    978-0-525-56416-4
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Nov 06, 2018
  • The Dark Interval
    The Dark Interval
    Letters on Loss, Grief, and Transformation
    Rainer Maria Rilke
    978-0-525-50984-4
    $22.00 US
    Hardcover
    Modern Library
    Aug 14, 2018
  • The Greek Plays
    The Greek Plays
    Sixteen Plays by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
    Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
    978-0-8129-8309-8
    $25.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 05, 2017
  • The Mayor of Casterbridge
    The Mayor of Casterbridge
    Thomas Hardy
    978-0-345-80401-3
    $11.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Nov 08, 2016
  • The Scarlet Letter
    The Scarlet Letter
    A Romance
    Nathaniel Hawthorne
    978-0-8041-7157-1
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Aug 26, 2014
  • A Place in the Country
    A Place in the Country
    W.G. Sebald
    978-0-8129-9503-9
    $7.99 US
    Ebook
    Random House
    Feb 18, 2014
  • The Metamorphosis
    The Metamorphosis
    Franz Kafka
    978-0-8129-8514-6
    $15.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Nov 26, 2013
  • Madame Bovary
    Madame Bovary
    Gustave Flaubert
    978-0-8129-8520-7
    $15.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 13, 2013
  • The Essential Writings of Rousseau
    The Essential Writings of Rousseau
    Jean-Jacques Rousseau
    978-0-8129-8038-7
    $20.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Mar 26, 2013
  • The Essential Prose of John Milton
    The Essential Prose of John Milton
    John Milton
    978-0-8129-8372-2
    $18.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Mar 12, 2013
  • Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, and the Complete Shorter Poems
    Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, and the Complete Shorter Poems
    John Milton
    978-0-8129-8371-5
    $18.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Dec 04, 2012
  • The Complete Novels of Jane Austen, Volume 2
    The Complete Novels of Jane Austen, Volume 2
    Emma, Northanger Abbey, Persuasion
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-82276-5
    $2.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Jun 20, 2012
  • The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln
    The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln
    Abraham Lincoln
    978-0-307-81681-8
    $10.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Jun 13, 2012
  • King John & Henry VIII
    King John & Henry VIII
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6939-9
    $12.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 10, 2012
  • Henry VI
    Henry VI
    Parts I, II, and III
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6940-5
    $14.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 10, 2012
  • Pericles
    Pericles
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6943-6
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 10, 2012
  • The Adventures of Amir Hamza
    The Adventures of Amir Hamza
    Special abridged edition
    Ghalib Lakhnavi, Abdullah Bilgrami
    978-0-8129-7744-8
    $18.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Feb 14, 2012
  • The Modern Library In Search of Lost Time, Complete and Unabridged 6-Book Bundle
    The Modern Library In Search of Lost Time, Complete and Unabridged 6-Book Bundle
    Remembrance of Things Past, Volumes I-VI
    Marcel Proust
    978-0-679-64568-9
    $49.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Feb 06, 2012
  • Panorama
    Panorama
    A Novel
    H. G. Adler
    978-0-8129-8060-8
    $17.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jan 10, 2012
  • The Ambassadors
    The Ambassadors
    Henry James
    978-0-8129-8270-1
    $11.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jan 10, 2012
  • The Eternal Husband and Other Stories
    The Eternal Husband and Other Stories
    Fyodor Dostoevsky
    978-0-8129-8337-1
    $15.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jan 03, 2012
  • Titus Andronicus & Timon of Athens
    Titus Andronicus & Timon of Athens
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6935-1
    $10.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 13, 2011
  • All's Well That Ends Well
    All's Well That Ends Well
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6937-5
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 13, 2011
  • The Two Gentlemen of Verona
    The Two Gentlemen of Verona
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6938-2
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 13, 2011
  • Cymbeline
    Cymbeline
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6942-9
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 13, 2011
  • The Merry Wives of Windsor
    The Merry Wives of Windsor
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6932-0
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 14, 2011
  • The Comedy of Errors
    The Comedy of Errors
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6933-7
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 14, 2011
  • Coriolanus
    Coriolanus
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6934-4
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 14, 2011
  • Julius Caesar
    Julius Caesar
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6936-8
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 14, 2011
  • Dusk and Other Stories
    Dusk and Other Stories
    James Salter
    978-0-8129-8113-1
    $17.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 10, 2011
  • Under Western Eyes
    Under Western Eyes
    Joseph Conrad
    978-0-307-76969-5
    $2.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Oct 27, 2010
  • Measure for Measure
    Measure for Measure
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6928-3
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 14, 2010
  • The Taming of the Shrew
    The Taming of the Shrew
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6929-0
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 14, 2010
  • Richard II
    Richard II
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6930-6
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 14, 2010
  • Troilus and Cressida
    Troilus and Cressida
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6931-3
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 14, 2010
  • The Beautiful and Damned
    The Beautiful and Damned
    F. Scott Fitzgerald
    978-0-307-47635-7
    $14.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Aug 10, 2010
  • Ethics
    Ethics
    The Essential Writings
    978-0-8129-7778-3
    $20.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 10, 2010
  • As You Like It
    As You Like It
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6922-1
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 04, 2010
  • Twelfth Night
    Twelfth Night
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6923-8
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 04, 2010
  • Henry V
    Henry V
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6926-9
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 04, 2010
  • The Merchant of Venice
    The Merchant of Venice
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6927-6
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 04, 2010
  • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
    The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
    A Novel
    Mark Twain
    978-0-307-47555-8
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Apr 06, 2010
  • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
    The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
    Mark Twain
    978-0-307-47556-5
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Apr 06, 2010
  • The Canterbury Tales
    The Canterbury Tales
    Geoffrey Chaucer
    978-0-8129-7845-2
    $17.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Nov 10, 2009
  • The Mystery of Edwin Drood
    The Mystery of Edwin Drood
    Charles Dickens
    978-0-8129-8045-5
    $12.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Oct 06, 2009
  • This Side of Paradise
    This Side of Paradise
    F. Scott Fitzgerald
    978-0-307-47451-3
    $12.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 08, 2009
  • The Journey
    The Journey
    A Novel
    H. G. Adler
    978-0-8129-7831-5
    $17.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 08, 2009
  • Othello
    Othello
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6915-3
    $10.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 25, 2009
  • Much Ado About Nothing
    Much Ado About Nothing
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6917-7
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 25, 2009
  • Romeo and Juliet
    Romeo and Juliet
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6921-4
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 25, 2009
  • Henry IV, Part 1
    Henry IV, Part 1
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6924-5
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 25, 2009
  • Henry IV, Part 2
    Henry IV, Part 2
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6925-2
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 25, 2009
  • Les Misérables
    Les Misérables
    Victor Hugo
    978-0-8129-7426-3
    $20.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jul 14, 2009
  • The Belly of Paris
    The Belly of Paris
    Emile Zola
    978-0-8129-7422-5
    $16.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 12, 2009
  • King Lear
    King Lear
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6911-5
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 14, 2009
  • Macbeth
    Macbeth
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6916-0
    $10.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 14, 2009
  • Antony and Cleopatra
    Antony and Cleopatra
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6918-4
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 14, 2009
  • The Winter's Tale
    The Winter's Tale
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6919-1
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 14, 2009
  • The Sonnets and Other Poems
    The Sonnets and Other Poems
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6920-7
    $10.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Apr 14, 2009
  • Jane Eyre
    Jane Eyre
    Charlotte Bronte
    978-0-307-45519-2
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Apr 07, 2009
  • Mr. Beluncle
    Mr. Beluncle
    A Novel
    V. S. Pritchett
    978-0-307-53865-9
    $2.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Feb 19, 2009
  • The Essential Writings of James Weldon Johnson
    The Essential Writings of James Weldon Johnson
    James Weldon Johnson
    978-0-8129-7532-1
    $16.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Oct 21, 2008
  • Paradise Lost
    Paradise Lost
    John Milton
    978-0-375-75796-9
    $12.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Sep 09, 2008
  • Hamlet
    Hamlet
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6909-2
    $10.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 12, 2008
  • The Tempest
    The Tempest
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6910-8
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 12, 2008
  • A Midsummer Night's Dream
    A Midsummer Night's Dream
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6912-2
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 12, 2008
  • Richard III
    Richard III
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6913-9
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 12, 2008
  • Love's Labour's Lost
    Love's Labour's Lost
    William Shakespeare
    978-0-8129-6914-6
    $9.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Aug 12, 2008
  • Georges
    Georges
    Alexandre Dumas
    978-0-8129-7589-5
    $18.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 10, 2008
  • Anne of Green Gables
    Anne of Green Gables
    L. M. Montgomery
    978-0-8129-7903-9
    $10.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 10, 2008
  • Nada: Una novela
    Nada: Una novela
    Carmen Laforet
    978-0-8129-7771-4
    $18.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Feb 12, 2008
  • The Prince
    The Prince
    Niccolo Machiavelli
    978-0-8129-7805-6
    $14.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Feb 05, 2008
  • Jacques Futrelle's "The Thinking Machine"
    Jacques Futrelle's "The Thinking Machine"
    The Enigmatic Problems of Prof. Augustus S. F. X. Van Dusen, Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S., M. D., M. D. S.
    Jacques Futrelle
    978-0-307-43133-2
    $7.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Pure Pagan
    Pure Pagan
    Seven Centuries of Greek Poems and Fragments
    978-0-307-43164-6
    $7.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Representative Men
    Representative Men
    Seven Lectures
    Ralph Waldo Emerson
    978-0-307-43169-1
    $10.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Tono-Bungay
    Tono-Bungay
    H. G. Wells
    978-0-307-43282-7
    $2.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • When the Sleeper Wakes
    When the Sleeper Wakes
    H. G. Wells
    978-0-307-43287-2
    $2.99 US
    Ebook
    Modern Library
    Dec 18, 2007
  • Siddhartha
    Siddhartha
    Hermann Hesse
    978-0-8129-7478-2
    $15.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Dec 04, 2007
  • Northanger Abbey
    Northanger Abbey
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38683-0
    $8.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • Emma
    Emma
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38684-7
    $9.95 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • Sense and Sensibility
    Sense and Sensibility
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38687-8
    $6.95 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • Mansfield Park
    Mansfield Park
    Jane Austen
    978-0-307-38688-5
    $13.00 US
    Paperback
    Vintage
    Sep 04, 2007
  • The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow
    The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow
    Clarence Darrow
    978-0-8129-6677-0
    $17.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    Jun 12, 2007
  • Life on the Mississippi
    Life on the Mississippi
    Mark Twain
    978-0-375-75937-6
    $13.00 US
    Paperback
    Modern Library
    May 29, 2007
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