This is an enchanting collection of one hundred and ten tales translated from twenty-two different languages, by turns harrowing and comic, sardonic and allegorical, mysterious and romantic. Gods disguised as beggars and beasts; animals enacting Machiavellian intrigues; sagacious jesters and magical storytellers; wise counselors and foolish kings--all of these inhabit a fabular world, yet one firmly grounded everyday in life. Augmented by A.K. Ramanujan's definitive introduction and notes, this is an indispensable guide to India's ageless folklore tradition.

"This selection of Indian folktales is unparalleled in its scope of sources...No one but Ramanujan could have invoked so pluralistic a pantheon of muses to weave such a rich and fascinating tapestry of stories."--Wendy Doniger, author of Other People's Myths and Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts

"A truly remarkable collection...from the introduction to the explanatory notes, the entire book outstandingly demonstrates the enduring strength of Indian folklore tradition."--Library Journal
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
Twenty-two Languages of India (map) xvii
 
Tell It to the Walls (Tamil) 3
Untold Stories (Gondi) 4
Gopal Bhar the Star-Counter (Bengali) 5
Bopoluchi (Punjabi) 7
The Jasmine Prince (Tamil) 11
Sona and Rupa (Hindu/Malwi) 12
Brother’s Day (Rajasthani) 15
The Brahman Who Swallowed a God (Bengali) 20
One Man’s Virtue (Oriya) 23
A Crow’s Revenge (Kannada) 25
 
A Story in Search of an Audience (Telugu) 26
The Clay Mother-in-Law (Tamil) 30
The Clever Daughter-in-Law (Kannada) 33
The Barber and the Brahman Demon (Bengali) 39
Why the Fish Laughed (Kashmiri) 41
A Parrot Called Hiraman (Bengali) 46
A Plague Story (Bengali) 51
The Monkey and the Crocodile (Kannada; Tamil) 53
 
What Happens When You Really Listen (Telugu) 55
Tenali Rama (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 56
        How Tenali Rama Became a Jester 57
        Tenali Rama’s Ranayana 57
Two Sisters  (Santali) 58
Sukhu and Dukhu (Bengali) 60
One, Two, Three (Santali) 65
The Wife Who Refused to Be Beaten (Kashmiri) 66
The Ogress Queen (Kashmiri) 73
Killed by a Tiger (Santali) 79
Outwitting Fate (Tamil) 81
Four Girls and a King (Punjabi) 88
If It Isn’t You, It Must Be Your Father (Kannada) 92
 
Why Audiences Laugh or Cry (Punjabi) 93
Akbar and Birbal (Urdu) 94
        The Best of Flowers 94
        Make It Shorter 94
        Bring Me Four 95
        Sons-in-Law 95
The Night-Blind Son-in-Law (Kannada) 96
Shall I Show You My Real Face? (Tamil) 99
A Malcontent Cured (Kashmiri) 103
The Kite’s Daughter (Assamese) 104
A Flowering Tree (Kannada) 110
A Musical Demon (Tamil) 119
Other Lives (Kashmiri) 123
Living Like a Pig (Telugu) 124
 
A Heron in the Mouth (Bengali) 125
Tenali Rama’s Art (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 127
One More Use for Artists (Gujerati) 128
Heron Boy (Tulu) 133
The Tiger’s Adopted Son (Didayi) 136
How to Live on Half a Pice (Konkani) 138
The Magic Bowls (Tamil) 143
The Four Jogis (Santali) 146
A Friend in Need (Malayalam) 148
 
Winning a Princess (Tulu) 149
Crossing a River, Losing a Self (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 157
Prince Sabar (Gujerati) 159
The Lord of Death (Punjabi) 168
The Shepherd’s Ghost (Telugu) 170
The World and the Other (Bengali) 174
If God Is Everywhere (Bengali) 175
A Tiger That Didn’t Know Who He Was (Bengali) 176
 
Gandharva Sen Is Dead! (Bengali) 177
Tenali Rama’s Dream (Telugu) 178
A Feast in a Dream (Rajasthani) 179
In Search of a Dream (Santali) 181
The Princess Whose Father Wanted to Marry Her (Tulu) 186
Mother Marries Son (Marathi) 189
A Cure (Bengali) 191
A Tall Tale in Urdu (Urdu) 193
The Greatest (Angami Naga) 197
 
A Story for Sundays (Marathi) 198
Tenali Rama and the Brahmans (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 203
A Hair’s-Breadth Escape (Tamil) 204
Between Two Wives (Tamil) 207
The Dead Prince and the Talking Doll (Kannada) 207
The Serpent Mother (Gujerati) 212
Teja and Teji (Assamese) 219
The Dove’s Egg: A Chain Tale (Malayalam) 224
A Drum (Hindi) 226
In the Kingdom of Fools (Kannada) 228
Nonviolence (Bengali) 233
 
The Barber’s Secret (Tamil) 234
Gopal Bhar Cures a Dreamer (Bengali) 238
A Scavenger’s Dream (Oriya) 239
The Boy Who Sold Wisdom (Gujerati) 240
Two Jars of Persian (Punjabi) 243
In Another Country (Punjabi) 245
One Man’s Pleasure (Urdu) 250
Raja Vikram and the Princess of China (Hindi) 251
Walking on Water (Bengali) 262
The Guru and the Idiot (Telugu) 262
Grateful Animals, Ungrateful Man (Hindi/Kumaoni) 263
 
When a Black Dog Dies (Urdu) 265
The Village Rogue, the City Rogue, and the King of the Rogues (Oriya) 266
A Qazi with a Long Beard (Marathi) 273
The Priest Who Could See as Far as Mecca (Assamese) 273
Adventures of a Disobedient Son (Kannada) 274
Hanchi (Kannada) 285
Buffalo into Rooster (Marathi) 290
The Prince Who Married His Own Left Half (Kannada) 293
A Buffalo Made of Lac (Tamil) 296
 
A Contest of Lies (Hindi) 299
It’s Done with Mirrors (Telugu) 305
The Kurumba in the Parrot’s Body (Kota) 306
The Eighth Key (Sindhi) 312
How the Weaver Went to Heaven (Urdu) 318
The Tiger-Makers (Kannada) 319
When a Tale is Finished (Oriya) 320
And Then, Bhurrah! (Marathi) 321
 
Notes 323
Permissions Acknowledgments 347
BOPOLUCHI
(Punjabi)
 
A number of young girls were drawing water at the village well and telling each other their fantasies of when and whom and how they would marry.
 
One of them said, “My uncle will come loaded with wedding presents and dress me in brocade, and I’ll get married in a palace.”
 
Another said, “My uncle is coming soon with a camel-load of sweets.”
 
The third said, “Oh, my uncle will be here in no time in a golden carriage filled with jewels.”
 
Bopoluchi was the prettiest of them all and she looked sad—she was an orphan and had no one in the world to arrange a marriage for her of give her a dowry. Still, not to be outdone by the others, she said, “And my uncle will bring me dresses, sweets, and jewels in golden plates.”
 
A robber, disguised as a peddler selling perfumes to country women, happened to be sitting near the well. He heard what Bopoluchi said. He was so struck by her beauty and spirit that he decided to marry her himself. So the very next day, he disguised himself as a rich farmer and came to Bopoluchi’s hut with trays full of silken dresses, sweets, and rare jewels—things he had looted and put away.
 
Bopoluchi could hardly believe her eyes, for it was just as she had fantasied. The robber even said he was her uncle, her father’s long-lost brother, and had come home to arrange his niece’s wedding with one of his sons.
 
Bopoluchi couldn’t believe her ears, but she believed him and was ecstatic. She packed up her few belongings and set off with the robber.
 
But as they went along the road, a crow in a tree croaked:
 
        Bopoluchi, beware!
        Smell the danger in the air!
        It’s no uncle that relieves you
        But a robber who deceives you!
 
“Uncle,” said Bopoluchi, “the crow croaks in a funny way. What does it say?”
 
“Nothing,” said the robber. “All the crows in this country croak like that.”
 
A little farther on, they met a peacock which, as soon as it caught sight of the pretty girl, began to scream:
 
        Bopoluci, beware!
        Smell the danger in the air!
        It’s no uncle that relieves you
        But a robber who deceives you!
 
“Uncle,” said the girl, “that peacock screams in a funny way. What does it say?”
 
“Oh, nothing,” said the robber. “All the peacocks scream like that in this country.”
 
Then a jackal slunk across the road and began to howl:
 
        Bopoluci, beware!
        Smell the danger in the air!
        It’s no uncle that relieves you
        But a robber who deceives you!
 
“Uncle,” said Bopoluchi, “that jackal howls in a funny way. What does it say?”
 
“Oh, nothing,” said the robber. “All the jackals howl like that in this country.”
 
So Bopoluchi traveled with him many miles till they reached the robber’s house. Once they were inside, he locked the door and told her who he was and how he wanted to marry her himself. She wept and wailed, but the pitiless robber left her with his ancient crone of a mother and went out to make arrangements for the marriage feast.
 
Not Bopoluchi had long, beautiful hair that reached down to her ankles, but the mother of the robber was so old she didn’t have a hair on her head.
 
“Daughter,” said the old hag, as she was getting the bridal clothes ready, “how did you manage to get such beautiful hair?”
 
“Well,” replied Bopoluchi, “my mother had a way of making it grow by pounding my head in the big mortar for husking rice. At every stroke of the pestle, my hair grows longer and longer. It’s a method that never fails.”
 
“Maybe it will work for me, too, and make my hair grow,” said the old woman, who had always wanted long hair and never had much.
 
“Maybe it will. Why don’t we try it?” said Bopoluchi.
 
So the old mother put her head in the mortar, and Bopoluchi pounded away with such force that the old woman died.
 
Then Bopoluchi dressed the dead body in the scarlet bridal dress, seated it on the bridal chair, drew the veil over its face, and put the spinning-wheel in front of it, so that when the robber came home he might think it was his bride. Then she put on the old woman’s clothes, picked up her few belongings, and stepped out of the house as quickly as possible.
 
On her way home, the robber saw her hurrying by. He had stolen a millstone to grind grain for the feast. She was scared he would recognize her, but he didn’t. He thought she was some old woman hobbling along. So Bopoluchi reached home safely.
 
When the robber came home and saw the figure in the bridal dress sitting in the bridal chair spinning, he thought it was Bopoluchi. He called her to help him with the millstone, but she didn’t answer. After calling a few more times, he flew into a rage and threw the millstone at her head. The figure toppled over, and when he came close, it wasn’t Bopoluchi at all, but his own old mother with her head bashed in. The robber wept and cried aloud and beat his breast because he thought he had killed his own mother. Soon it became clear to him that Bopoluchi was no longer around and had run away. He was wild with rage and ran out to bring her back, wherever she was.
 
When she reached home, Bopoluchi knew that the robber would certainly come after her. Every night she begged her neighbors to let her sleep in a different house, leaving her own little bed in her own little house empty. But she couldn’t do this forever, as she soon came to the end of friends who would let her sleep in their houses. So she decided to brave it out and sleep in her own bed, with a sharp billhook next to her. Sure enough, in the middle of the night four men crept in, and each seizing a leg of the bed, lifted it up and walked off. The robber himself had the leg close behind her head. Bopoluchi was wide awake, but she pretended to be fast asleep until they came to a deserted spot and the thieves were off their guard. Then she whipped out the billhook and in a flash cut off the heads of the two thieves at the foot of the bed. Turning around quickly, she cut off the head of the third thief, but the robber himself ran away in a fright and scrambled up a nearby tree like a wild cat before she could get at him.
 
Bopoluchi cried out to him, brandishing her billhook, “Come down, if you are a man, and fight it out!”
 
But the robber would not come down. So Bopoluchi gathered all the sticks she could find, piled them around the tree, and set fire to them. The tree caught fire, and the robber, stifled by the smoke, tried to jump down and broke his neck.
 
After that, Bopoluchi went into the robber’s house and carried off all the gold and silver, jewels, and clothes that were hidden there. She had them brought home to her village in silver and gold platters, on camels and donkeys. She was now so rich she could marry anyone she pleased.
A. K. RAMANUJAN (1929-1993) was William E. Colvin Professor of South Asian Languages and Civilizations and a member of the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. He is the author of several volumes of poetry, including The Striders, Relations, and Selected Poems. His translations from the languages of India include Folktales from India, Speaking of Siva, Some Kannada Poems, Samskara, Hymns for the Drowning, and Poems of Love and War. View titles by A.K. Ramanujan

About

This is an enchanting collection of one hundred and ten tales translated from twenty-two different languages, by turns harrowing and comic, sardonic and allegorical, mysterious and romantic. Gods disguised as beggars and beasts; animals enacting Machiavellian intrigues; sagacious jesters and magical storytellers; wise counselors and foolish kings--all of these inhabit a fabular world, yet one firmly grounded everyday in life. Augmented by A.K. Ramanujan's definitive introduction and notes, this is an indispensable guide to India's ageless folklore tradition.

"This selection of Indian folktales is unparalleled in its scope of sources...No one but Ramanujan could have invoked so pluralistic a pantheon of muses to weave such a rich and fascinating tapestry of stories."--Wendy Doniger, author of Other People's Myths and Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts

"A truly remarkable collection...from the introduction to the explanatory notes, the entire book outstandingly demonstrates the enduring strength of Indian folklore tradition."--Library Journal

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Introduction xiii
Twenty-two Languages of India (map) xvii
 
Tell It to the Walls (Tamil) 3
Untold Stories (Gondi) 4
Gopal Bhar the Star-Counter (Bengali) 5
Bopoluchi (Punjabi) 7
The Jasmine Prince (Tamil) 11
Sona and Rupa (Hindu/Malwi) 12
Brother’s Day (Rajasthani) 15
The Brahman Who Swallowed a God (Bengali) 20
One Man’s Virtue (Oriya) 23
A Crow’s Revenge (Kannada) 25
 
A Story in Search of an Audience (Telugu) 26
The Clay Mother-in-Law (Tamil) 30
The Clever Daughter-in-Law (Kannada) 33
The Barber and the Brahman Demon (Bengali) 39
Why the Fish Laughed (Kashmiri) 41
A Parrot Called Hiraman (Bengali) 46
A Plague Story (Bengali) 51
The Monkey and the Crocodile (Kannada; Tamil) 53
 
What Happens When You Really Listen (Telugu) 55
Tenali Rama (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 56
        How Tenali Rama Became a Jester 57
        Tenali Rama’s Ranayana 57
Two Sisters  (Santali) 58
Sukhu and Dukhu (Bengali) 60
One, Two, Three (Santali) 65
The Wife Who Refused to Be Beaten (Kashmiri) 66
The Ogress Queen (Kashmiri) 73
Killed by a Tiger (Santali) 79
Outwitting Fate (Tamil) 81
Four Girls and a King (Punjabi) 88
If It Isn’t You, It Must Be Your Father (Kannada) 92
 
Why Audiences Laugh or Cry (Punjabi) 93
Akbar and Birbal (Urdu) 94
        The Best of Flowers 94
        Make It Shorter 94
        Bring Me Four 95
        Sons-in-Law 95
The Night-Blind Son-in-Law (Kannada) 96
Shall I Show You My Real Face? (Tamil) 99
A Malcontent Cured (Kashmiri) 103
The Kite’s Daughter (Assamese) 104
A Flowering Tree (Kannada) 110
A Musical Demon (Tamil) 119
Other Lives (Kashmiri) 123
Living Like a Pig (Telugu) 124
 
A Heron in the Mouth (Bengali) 125
Tenali Rama’s Art (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 127
One More Use for Artists (Gujerati) 128
Heron Boy (Tulu) 133
The Tiger’s Adopted Son (Didayi) 136
How to Live on Half a Pice (Konkani) 138
The Magic Bowls (Tamil) 143
The Four Jogis (Santali) 146
A Friend in Need (Malayalam) 148
 
Winning a Princess (Tulu) 149
Crossing a River, Losing a Self (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 157
Prince Sabar (Gujerati) 159
The Lord of Death (Punjabi) 168
The Shepherd’s Ghost (Telugu) 170
The World and the Other (Bengali) 174
If God Is Everywhere (Bengali) 175
A Tiger That Didn’t Know Who He Was (Bengali) 176
 
Gandharva Sen Is Dead! (Bengali) 177
Tenali Rama’s Dream (Telugu) 178
A Feast in a Dream (Rajasthani) 179
In Search of a Dream (Santali) 181
The Princess Whose Father Wanted to Marry Her (Tulu) 186
Mother Marries Son (Marathi) 189
A Cure (Bengali) 191
A Tall Tale in Urdu (Urdu) 193
The Greatest (Angami Naga) 197
 
A Story for Sundays (Marathi) 198
Tenali Rama and the Brahmans (Kannada; Tamil; Telugu) 203
A Hair’s-Breadth Escape (Tamil) 204
Between Two Wives (Tamil) 207
The Dead Prince and the Talking Doll (Kannada) 207
The Serpent Mother (Gujerati) 212
Teja and Teji (Assamese) 219
The Dove’s Egg: A Chain Tale (Malayalam) 224
A Drum (Hindi) 226
In the Kingdom of Fools (Kannada) 228
Nonviolence (Bengali) 233
 
The Barber’s Secret (Tamil) 234
Gopal Bhar Cures a Dreamer (Bengali) 238
A Scavenger’s Dream (Oriya) 239
The Boy Who Sold Wisdom (Gujerati) 240
Two Jars of Persian (Punjabi) 243
In Another Country (Punjabi) 245
One Man’s Pleasure (Urdu) 250
Raja Vikram and the Princess of China (Hindi) 251
Walking on Water (Bengali) 262
The Guru and the Idiot (Telugu) 262
Grateful Animals, Ungrateful Man (Hindi/Kumaoni) 263
 
When a Black Dog Dies (Urdu) 265
The Village Rogue, the City Rogue, and the King of the Rogues (Oriya) 266
A Qazi with a Long Beard (Marathi) 273
The Priest Who Could See as Far as Mecca (Assamese) 273
Adventures of a Disobedient Son (Kannada) 274
Hanchi (Kannada) 285
Buffalo into Rooster (Marathi) 290
The Prince Who Married His Own Left Half (Kannada) 293
A Buffalo Made of Lac (Tamil) 296
 
A Contest of Lies (Hindi) 299
It’s Done with Mirrors (Telugu) 305
The Kurumba in the Parrot’s Body (Kota) 306
The Eighth Key (Sindhi) 312
How the Weaver Went to Heaven (Urdu) 318
The Tiger-Makers (Kannada) 319
When a Tale is Finished (Oriya) 320
And Then, Bhurrah! (Marathi) 321
 
Notes 323
Permissions Acknowledgments 347

Excerpt

BOPOLUCHI
(Punjabi)
 
A number of young girls were drawing water at the village well and telling each other their fantasies of when and whom and how they would marry.
 
One of them said, “My uncle will come loaded with wedding presents and dress me in brocade, and I’ll get married in a palace.”
 
Another said, “My uncle is coming soon with a camel-load of sweets.”
 
The third said, “Oh, my uncle will be here in no time in a golden carriage filled with jewels.”
 
Bopoluchi was the prettiest of them all and she looked sad—she was an orphan and had no one in the world to arrange a marriage for her of give her a dowry. Still, not to be outdone by the others, she said, “And my uncle will bring me dresses, sweets, and jewels in golden plates.”
 
A robber, disguised as a peddler selling perfumes to country women, happened to be sitting near the well. He heard what Bopoluchi said. He was so struck by her beauty and spirit that he decided to marry her himself. So the very next day, he disguised himself as a rich farmer and came to Bopoluchi’s hut with trays full of silken dresses, sweets, and rare jewels—things he had looted and put away.
 
Bopoluchi could hardly believe her eyes, for it was just as she had fantasied. The robber even said he was her uncle, her father’s long-lost brother, and had come home to arrange his niece’s wedding with one of his sons.
 
Bopoluchi couldn’t believe her ears, but she believed him and was ecstatic. She packed up her few belongings and set off with the robber.
 
But as they went along the road, a crow in a tree croaked:
 
        Bopoluchi, beware!
        Smell the danger in the air!
        It’s no uncle that relieves you
        But a robber who deceives you!
 
“Uncle,” said Bopoluchi, “the crow croaks in a funny way. What does it say?”
 
“Nothing,” said the robber. “All the crows in this country croak like that.”
 
A little farther on, they met a peacock which, as soon as it caught sight of the pretty girl, began to scream:
 
        Bopoluci, beware!
        Smell the danger in the air!
        It’s no uncle that relieves you
        But a robber who deceives you!
 
“Uncle,” said the girl, “that peacock screams in a funny way. What does it say?”
 
“Oh, nothing,” said the robber. “All the peacocks scream like that in this country.”
 
Then a jackal slunk across the road and began to howl:
 
        Bopoluci, beware!
        Smell the danger in the air!
        It’s no uncle that relieves you
        But a robber who deceives you!
 
“Uncle,” said Bopoluchi, “that jackal howls in a funny way. What does it say?”
 
“Oh, nothing,” said the robber. “All the jackals howl like that in this country.”
 
So Bopoluchi traveled with him many miles till they reached the robber’s house. Once they were inside, he locked the door and told her who he was and how he wanted to marry her himself. She wept and wailed, but the pitiless robber left her with his ancient crone of a mother and went out to make arrangements for the marriage feast.
 
Not Bopoluchi had long, beautiful hair that reached down to her ankles, but the mother of the robber was so old she didn’t have a hair on her head.
 
“Daughter,” said the old hag, as she was getting the bridal clothes ready, “how did you manage to get such beautiful hair?”
 
“Well,” replied Bopoluchi, “my mother had a way of making it grow by pounding my head in the big mortar for husking rice. At every stroke of the pestle, my hair grows longer and longer. It’s a method that never fails.”
 
“Maybe it will work for me, too, and make my hair grow,” said the old woman, who had always wanted long hair and never had much.
 
“Maybe it will. Why don’t we try it?” said Bopoluchi.
 
So the old mother put her head in the mortar, and Bopoluchi pounded away with such force that the old woman died.
 
Then Bopoluchi dressed the dead body in the scarlet bridal dress, seated it on the bridal chair, drew the veil over its face, and put the spinning-wheel in front of it, so that when the robber came home he might think it was his bride. Then she put on the old woman’s clothes, picked up her few belongings, and stepped out of the house as quickly as possible.
 
On her way home, the robber saw her hurrying by. He had stolen a millstone to grind grain for the feast. She was scared he would recognize her, but he didn’t. He thought she was some old woman hobbling along. So Bopoluchi reached home safely.
 
When the robber came home and saw the figure in the bridal dress sitting in the bridal chair spinning, he thought it was Bopoluchi. He called her to help him with the millstone, but she didn’t answer. After calling a few more times, he flew into a rage and threw the millstone at her head. The figure toppled over, and when he came close, it wasn’t Bopoluchi at all, but his own old mother with her head bashed in. The robber wept and cried aloud and beat his breast because he thought he had killed his own mother. Soon it became clear to him that Bopoluchi was no longer around and had run away. He was wild with rage and ran out to bring her back, wherever she was.
 
When she reached home, Bopoluchi knew that the robber would certainly come after her. Every night she begged her neighbors to let her sleep in a different house, leaving her own little bed in her own little house empty. But she couldn’t do this forever, as she soon came to the end of friends who would let her sleep in their houses. So she decided to brave it out and sleep in her own bed, with a sharp billhook next to her. Sure enough, in the middle of the night four men crept in, and each seizing a leg of the bed, lifted it up and walked off. The robber himself had the leg close behind her head. Bopoluchi was wide awake, but she pretended to be fast asleep until they came to a deserted spot and the thieves were off their guard. Then she whipped out the billhook and in a flash cut off the heads of the two thieves at the foot of the bed. Turning around quickly, she cut off the head of the third thief, but the robber himself ran away in a fright and scrambled up a nearby tree like a wild cat before she could get at him.
 
Bopoluchi cried out to him, brandishing her billhook, “Come down, if you are a man, and fight it out!”
 
But the robber would not come down. So Bopoluchi gathered all the sticks she could find, piled them around the tree, and set fire to them. The tree caught fire, and the robber, stifled by the smoke, tried to jump down and broke his neck.
 
After that, Bopoluchi went into the robber’s house and carried off all the gold and silver, jewels, and clothes that were hidden there. She had them brought home to her village in silver and gold platters, on camels and donkeys. She was now so rich she could marry anyone she pleased.

Author

A. K. RAMANUJAN (1929-1993) was William E. Colvin Professor of South Asian Languages and Civilizations and a member of the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. He is the author of several volumes of poetry, including The Striders, Relations, and Selected Poems. His translations from the languages of India include Folktales from India, Speaking of Siva, Some Kannada Poems, Samskara, Hymns for the Drowning, and Poems of Love and War. View titles by A.K. Ramanujan