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The Climate Book

The Facts and the Solutions

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We still have time to change the world. From Greta Thunberg, the world's leading climate activist, comes the essential handbook for making it happen.

You might think it's an impossible task: secure a safe future for life on Earth, at a scale and speed never seen, against all the odds. There is hope - but only if we listen to the science before it's too late.

In The Climate Book, Greta Thunberg has gathered the wisdom of over one hundred experts - geophysicists, oceanographers and meteorologists; engineers, economists and mathematicians; historians, philosophers and indigenous leaders - to equip us all with the knowledge we need to combat climate disaster. Alongside them, she shares her own stories of demonstrating and uncovering greenwashing around the world, revealing how much we have been kept in the dark. This is one of our biggest challenges, she shows, but also our greatest source of hope. Once we are given the full picture, how can we not act? And if a schoolchild's strike could ignite a global protest, what could we do collectively if we tried?

We are alive at the most decisive time in the history of humanity. Together, we can do the seemingly impossible. But it has to be us, and it has to be now.


* This audiobook edition includes a downloadable PDF of climate charts and trends from throughout the book.
PART ONE /How Climate Works 

1.1    ‘To solve this problem, we need to understand it’ / Greta Thunberg 
                         
1.2      The Deep History of Carbon Dioxide                                           
Peter Brannen / Science journalist, contributing writer at the Atlantic and author of The Ends of the World.

1.3      Our Evolutionary Impact     
Beth Shapiro / Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California, Santa Cruz and author of Life as We Made It.

1.4      Civilization and Extinction   
Elizabeth Kolbert / Staff writer for the New Yorker and the author, most recently, of Under a White Sky: The Nature of the Future.

1.5    ‘The science is as solid as it gets’ / Greta Thunberg 
                                                           
1.6      The Discovery of Climate Change 
Michael Oppenheimer / Atmospheric scientist, Princeton University’s Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs and long-time IPCC author.

1.7      Why Didn’t They Act? 
Naomi Oreskes / Professor of the History of Science and Affiliated Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University.

1.8      Tipping Points and Feedback Loops   
Johan Rockström / Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Professor at Potsdam University.

1.9    ‘This is the biggest story in the world’ / Greta Thunberg                                                

PART TWO / How Our Planet Is Changing             
2.1    ‘The weather seems to be on steroids’ / Greta Thunberg     
                                           
2.2      Heat 
Katharine Hayhoe / Endowed Chair and Distinguished Professor at Texas Tech University and author of Saving Us.

2.3      Methane and Other Gases 
Zeke Hausfather / Climate research lead at Stripe, research scientist at Berkeley Earth.

2.4      Air Pollution and Aerosols     
Bjørn H. Samset / Senior researcher at CICERO Centre for International Climate Research, an IPCC lead author, and expert on the effects of non-CO2 emissions.

2.5      Clouds  
Paulo Ceppi / Lecturer in climate science at the Grantham Institute and the Department of Physics at Imperial College London.

2.6      Arctic Warming and the Jet Stream   
Jennifer Francis / Senior scientist at the Woodwell Climate Research Center and formerly Research Professor in Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers University.

2.7      Dangerous Weather     
Friederike Otto / Senior lecturer in Climate Science at the Grantham Institute at Imperial College London and co-lead of World Weather Attribution.

2.8    ‘The snowball has been set in motion’ / Greta Thunberg                                                  

2.9      Droughts and Floods 
Kate Marvel / Climate scientist at the Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research and the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

2.10    Ice Sheets, Shelves and Glaciers   
Ricarda Winkelmann / Professor of Climate System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the University of Potsdam.

2.11    Warming Oceans and Rising Seas   
Stefan Rahmstorf / Head of Earth System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute and Professor of Physics of the Oceans at the University of Potsdam.

2.12    Acidification and Marine Ecosystems 
Hans-Otto Pörtner / Climatologist, physiologist, Professor and Head of the Department of Integrative Ecophysiology at the Alfred Wegener Institute.

2.13    Microplastics   
Karin Kvale / Senior researcher at GNS Science and expert in modelling the role of marine ecology in global biogeochemical cycles.

2.14    Fresh Water 
Peter H. Gleick / Co-founder and president-emeritus of the Pacific Institute, member US National Academy of Sciences, hydroclimatologist.

2.15    ‘It is much closer to home than we think’ / Greta Thunberg          

2.16    Wildfires  
Joëlle Gergis / Senior lecturer in Climate Science at the Australian National University and lead author on the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.

2.17    The Amazon 
Carlos A. Nobre / Earth System scientist on the Amazon, Chair of the Science Panel for the Amazon and the convener of the Amazonia 4.0 project.
Julia Arieira / Plant Ecologist and Earth system scientist at Brazil’s Federal University of Espírito Santo.
Nathália Nascimento / Geographer and Earth system scientist at Brazil’s Federal University of Espírito Santo.

2.18    Boreal and Temperate Forests      
Beverly E. Law / Professor Emeritus of Global Change Biology and Terrestrial Systems Science at Oregon State University.

2.19    Terrestrial Biodiversity 
Adriana De Palma / World Economic Forum Young Scientist and senior researcher at the Natural History Museum in London.
Andy Purvis / Biodiversity researcher at the Natural History Museum in London; led a chapter of the first IPBES Global Assessment of Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services.

2.20    Insects  
Dave Goulson / Professor of Biology at the University of Sussex; author of over
400 scientific articles on insect ecology and, among other books, Silent Earth.

2.21    Nature’s Calendar  
Keith W. Larson / Ecologist researching environmental change in the Arctic and Director of the Arctic Centre at Umeå University.

2.22    Soil    
Jennifer L. Soong / Soil carbon scientist at Corteva; affiliate scientist at Colorado State University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

2.23    Permafrost      
Örjan Gustafsson / Professor in Biogeochemistry at Stockholm University, and elected Fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

2.24    What Happens at 1.5, 2 and 4°C of Warming? 
Tamsin Edwards / Climate scientist at King’s College London, an IPCC lead author and science communicator specializing in uncertainties in sea-level rise.

PART THREE /
How It Affects Us 

3.1    ‘The world has a fever’ / Greta Thunberg                                                                                
3.2      Health and Climate   
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus / Director-general of the World Health Organization.

3.3      Heat and Illness   
Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera / Environmental epidemiologist, leader of the Climate Change and Health research group at the University of Bern.

3.4      Air Pollution   
Drew Shindell / Climate scientist and Distinguished Professor at Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment, author on multiple IPCC Assessments.

3.5      Vector-borne Diseases  
Felipe J. Colón-González / Assistant Professor at the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

3.6      Antibiotic Resistance                
John Brownstein / Chief innovation officer, Boston Children’s Hospital; Professor of Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School.
Derek MacFadden / Clinician scientist at the Ottawa Hospital; Junior Clinical Research Chair in Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance at the University of Ottawa, Canada.
Sarah McGough / Infectious disease epidemiologist, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
Mauricio Santillana / Professor of Physics, Northeastern University, and Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.

3.7      Food and Nutrition 
Samuel S. Myers / Principal research scientist, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Director, Planetary Health Alliance.

3.8    ‘We are not all in the same boat’ / Greta Thunberg                                                          

3.9      Life at 1.1°C             
Saleemul Huq / Director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development at the Independent University, Bangladesh.

3.10    Environmental Racism   
Jacqueline Patterson / Founder and Executive Director of the Chisholm Legacy Project, a resource hub for Black front-line climate justice leadership.

3.11    Climate Refugees                                           
Abrahm Lustgarten / Investigative reporter for ProPublica and the New York Times Magazine; author of a forthcoming book about climate-driven migration in the US.

3.12    Sea-level Rise and Small Islands       
Michael Taylor / Caribbean climate scientist, IPCC lead author, professor and dean of the Faculty of Science and Technology, the University of the West Indies, Mona.

3.13    Rain in the Sahel     
Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim / Indigenous woman, geographer and coordinator of the Association of Indigenous Women and Peoples of Chad; UN Sustainable Development Goals advocate.

3.14    Winter in Sápmi    
Elin Anna Labba / Sámi journalist and writer working with Indigenous literatures at Tjállegoahte in Jokkmokk, Sweden.

3.15    Fighting for the Forest     
Sônia Guajajara / Brazilian Indigenous activist, environmentalist and politician, and coordinator of the Association of Indigenous People of Brazil.

3.16    ‘Enormous challenges are waiting’ / Greta Thunberg        

3.17    Warming and Inequality        
Solomon Hsiang / Scientist and economist, Professor and Director of the Global Policy Laboratory at UC Berkeley; co-founder of the Climate Impact Lab.

3.18    Water Shortages                
Taikan Oki / Global hydrologist, former Senior Vice-Rector of the United Nations University, and an IPCC Coordinating Lead Author.
 
3.19    Climate Conflicts                                                                    
Marshall Burke / Associate Professor in the Department of Earth System Science at Stanford University and co-founder of Atlas AI.

3.20    The True Cost of Climate Change       
Eugene Linden / Journalist and author; his most recent book on climate change is Fire and Flood. Previously, The Winds of Change won a Grantham Award.

PART FOUR /What Done We’ve About It

4.1    ‘How can we undo our failures if we are unable to admit that we have failed?’ / Greta Thunberg         

4.2      The New Denialism     
Kevin Anderson / Professor of Energy and Climate Change at the Universities of Manchester, Uppsala and Bergen.

4.3      The Truth about Government Climate Targets     
Alexandra Urisman Otto / Climate reporter at the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter and co-author of Gretas resa (Greta’s Journey).


4.4    ‘We are not moving in the right direction’ / Greta Thunberg                       

4.5      The Persistence of Fossil Fuels                                                
Bill McKibben / Founder of the environmental organizations 350.org and Third Act and author of more than a dozen books, including The End of Nature and Eaarth.

4.6      The Rise of Renewables       
Glen Peters / Research Director at the Centre for International Climate Research in Oslo; member of the executive team of the Global Carbon Budget; an IPCC lead author.

4.7      How Can Forests Help Us?                
Karl-Heinz Erb / An IPCC lead author, Director of the Institute of Social Ecology and associate Professor at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.
Simone Gingrich / Assistant Professor, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.

4.8      What about Geoengineering?    
Niclas Hällström / Director of WhatNext?, President of the ETC Group, and senior affiliate at Centre for Environment and Development Studies, Uppsala University.
Jennie C. Stephens / Dean’s Professor of Sustainability Science and Policy at Northeastern University, and author of Diversifying Power.
Isak Stoddard / PhD candidate in Natural Resources and Sustainable Development at the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University.

4.9      Drawdown Technologies   
Rob Jackson / Earth scientist at Stanford University and Chair of the Global Carbon Project.
 
4.10
‘A whole new way of thinking’ / Greta Thunberg
 
4.11 Our Imprint on the Land
Alexander Popp / Senior scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and leader of a research group on land-use management.
 
4.12 The Calorie Question
Michael Clark / Environmental scientist at the University of Oxford, focusing on food systems’ contribution to climate, biodiversity and well-being.
  
4.13 Designing New Food Systems
Sonja Vermeulen / Director of Programs at CGIAR, and Associate at Chatham House.
  
4.14 Mapping Emissions in an Industrial World
John Barrett / Professor in Energy and Climate Policy, University of Leeds, government advisor to DEFRA and an IPCC lead author.
Alice Garvey / Researcher at the Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds.
  
4.15 The Technical Hitch
Ketan Joshi / Freelance writer, analyst and communications consultant, who has previously worked for a variety of Australian and European climate organizations.
  
4.16 The Challenge of Transport
Alice Larkin / Vice-Dean and Head of School of Engineering and a Professor of Climate Science and Energy Policy at the Tyndell Centre, University of Manchester.
  
4.17 Is the Future Electric?
Jillian Anable / Co-director of the University of Oxford’s CREDS Centre for Research in energy demand solutions. 
Christian Brand / Co-director of UK Energy Research Centre and Associate Professor at University of Oxford. Author of Personal Travel and Climate Change.
 
4.18
‘They keep saying one thing while doing another’ / Greta Thunberg
 
4.19 The Cost of Consumerism
Annie Lowrey / Staff writer at the Atlantic, covering economic policy, and author of Give People Money
 
4.20 How (Not) to Buy
Mike Berners-Lee / Professor at Lancaster University’s Environment Centre, Director of Small World Consulting Ltd and author of There Is No Planet B.
  
4.21 Waste around the World
Silpa Kaza / Senior urban development specialist in the World Bank’s Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience and Land Global Practice.
  
4.22  The Myth of Recycling
Nina Schrank / Senior campaigner for the Plastics Team at Greenpeace UK.
 
4.23       ‘This is where we draw the line’ / Greta Thunberg                                                      

4.24    Emissions and Growth      
Nicholas Stern / Professor of Economics and Government; Chair of
the Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science.

4.25    Equity    
Sunita Narain / Director-general of the Centre for Science and Environment, a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organization based in New Delhi.

4.26    Degrowth               
Jason Hickel / Economic anthropologist, author and Professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

4.27    The Perception Gap     
Amitav Ghosh / Author of sixteen works of fiction and non-fiction; the first
English-language writer to receive India’s highest literary honour, the Jnanpith Award.

PART FIVE / What We Must Do Now                
5.1    ‘The most effective way to get out of this mess is to educate ourselves’ / Greta Thunberg                                                
5.2      Individual Action, Social Transformation                               
Stuart Capstick / An environmental social scientist based at Cardiff University and Deputy Director of the Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations. Lorraine Whitmarsh / Professor of Environmental Psychology, University of Bath; Director of the Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations.

5.3      Towards 1.5°C Lifestyles     
Kate Raworth / Co-founder of Doughnut Economics Action Lab and Senior Associate at Oxford University’s Environmental Change Institute.

5.4      Overcoming Climate Apathy   
Per Espen Stoknes / A psychologist, TEDGlobal speaker and Co-director of the Centre for Sustainability at the Norwegian Business School.

5.5      Changing Our Diets                 
Gidon Eshel / Professor of environmental physics at Bard College, New York.

5.6      Remembering the Ocean                  Ayana Elizabeth Johnson / Marine biologist, co-founder of the policy think tank Urban Ocean Lab, co-editor of All We Can Save, and co-creator of How to Save a Planet.


5.7      Rewilding          
George Monbiot / Writer, film-maker and environmental activist; author of a weekly column for the Guardian as well as various books and videos.
Rebecca Wrigley / Founder and Chief Executive of Rewilding Britain and has worked in conservation and community development for thirty years.

5.8    ‘We now have to do the seemingly impossible’ / Greta Thunberg      

5.9      Practical Utopias             
Margaret Atwood / Booker Prize–winning author of more than fifty books of fiction, poetry and critical essays.

5.10    People Power                                                    
Erica Chenoweth / Political scientist, Professor at Harvard University.

5.11    Changing the Media Narrative               
George Monbiot / Writer, film-maker and environmental activist; author of a weekly column for the Guardian as well as various books and videos.

5.12    Resisting the New Denialism                                         
Michael E. Mann / Atmospheric Science at Penn State, IPCC contributor, and author of many books, including The New Climate War.

5.13    A Genuine Emergency Response                   
Seth Klein / Team lead with the Climate Emergency Unit and author of A Good War: Mobilizing Canada for the Climate Emergency.

5.14    Lessons from the Pandemic            
David Wallace-Wells / New York Times Opinion writer and magazine columnist. Author of The Uninhabitable Earth.

5.15    ‘Honesty, solidarity, integrity and climate justice’ / Greta Thunberg   

5.16    A Just Transition         
Naomi Klein / Journalist and bestselling author; UBC Professor of Climate Justice and Co-director of the Centre for Climate Justice at the University of British Columbia.

5.17    What Does Equity Mean to You           
Nicki Becker / Law student and climate justice activist from Argentina. Co-founder of Jovenes por el Clima; active in Fridays For Future MAPA.
Disha A. Ravi / Indian climate and environmental justice activist and writer. Hilda Flavia Nakabuye / Climate and environmental rights activist who founded Uganda’s Fridays For Future movement.
Laura Verónica Muñoz / Ecofeminist from the Colombian Andean mountains involved in Fridays For Future, Pacto X el Clima and Unite for Climate Action. Ina Maria Shikongo / Mother, climate justice activist and poet active in the Fridays For Future International movement.
Ayisha Siddiqa / Pakistani-American storyteller, climate justice advocate and Co-founder of Polluters Out and Fossil Free University.
Mitzi Jonelle Tan / Full-time climate justice activist based in the Philippines involved with Youth Advocates for Climate Action Philippines and Fridays For Future.
 
5.18    Women and the Climate Crisis     
Wanjira Mathai / Kenyan environmentalist and activist, and Vice-President and Regional Director for Africa at the World Resources Institute. 

5.19    Decarbonization Requires Redistribution        
Lucas Chancel / Co-director of the World Inequality Lab at the Paris School of Economics and Affiliate Professor at Sciences Po.
Thomas Piketty / Professor at EHESS and the Paris School of Economics, Co-director of the World Inequality Lab and the World Inequality Database.

5.20    Climate Reparations                                                
Olúfé. mi O. Táíwò / Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University, and author of Reconsidering Reparations and Elite Capture.

5.21    Mending Our Relationship with the Earth     
Robin Wall Kimmerer / SUNY Distinguished Teacher of Environmental Biology, founder and Director of the Center for Native Peoples and the Environment.

5.22    ‘Hope is something you have to earn’ / Greta Thunberg
1.1

To solve this problem, we need to understand it. 

Greta Thunberg

The climate and ecological crisis is the greatest threat that humanity has ever faced. It will no doubt be the issue that will define and shape our future everyday life like no other. This is painfully clear. In the last few years, the way we see and talk about the crisis has started to shift. But since we have wasted so many decades ignoring and downplaying this escalating emergency, our societies are still in a state of denial. This is, after all, the age of communication, where what you say can easily outweigh what you do. That is how we have ended up with such a great number of major fossil-fuel- producing – and high-emitting – nations calling themselves climate leaders, despite not having any credible climate mitigation policies in place. This is the age of the great greenwashing machine.

There are no black-and-white issues in life. No categorical answers. Everything is a subject for endless debate and compromise. This is one of the core principles of our current society. A society which, when it comes to sustainability, has a lot to answer for. Because that core principle is wrong. There are some issues that are black and white. There are indeed planetary and societal boundaries that must not be crossed. For instance, we think our societies can be a little bit more or a little bit less sustainable. But in the long run you cannot be a little bit sustainable – either you are sustainable or you are unsustainable. It is like walking on thin ice – either it carries your weight, or it does not. Either you make it to the shore, or you fall into the deep, dark, cold waters. And if that should happen to us, there will not be any nearby planet coming to our rescue. We are completely on our own.

It is my genuine belief that the only way we will be able to avoid the worst consequences of this emerging existential crisis is if we create a critical mass of people who demand the changes required. For that to happen, we need to rapidly spread awareness, because the general public still lacks much of the basic knowledge that is necessary to understand the dire situation we are in. My wish is to be part of the effort to change that.

I have decided to use my platform to create a book based on the current best available science – a book that covers the climate, ecological and sustainability crisis holistically. Because the climate crisis is, of course, only a symptom of a much larger sustainability crisis. My hope is that this book might be some kind of go-to source for understanding these different, closely interconnected crises.

In 2021, I invited a great number of leading scientists and experts, and activists, authors and storytellers to contribute with their individual expertise. This book is the result of their work: a comprehensive collection of facts,stories, graphs and photographs showing some of the different faces of the sustainability crisis with a clear focus on climate and ecology.

It covers everything from melting ice shelves to economics, from fast fashion to the loss of species, from pandemics to vanishing islands, from deforestation to the loss of fertile soils, from water shortages to Indigenous sovereignty, from future food production to carbon budgets – and it lays bare the actions of those responsible and the failures of those who should have already shared this information with the citizens of the world.There is still time for us to avoid the worst outcomes. There is still hope, but not if we continue as we are today. To solve this problem, we first need to understand it – and to understand the fact that the problem itself is by definition a series of interconnected problems. We need to lay out the facts and tell it like it is. Science is a tool, and we all need to learn how to use it.

We also need to answer some fundamental questions. Like, what is it, exactly, we want to solve in the first place? What is our goal? Is it to lower emissions, or to be able to go on living as we are today? Is our goal to safeguard present and future living conditions, or is it to maintain a high consumption way of life? Is there such a thing as green growth? And can we have eternal economic growth on a finite planet?

Right now, many of us are in need of hope. But what is hope? And hope for whom? Hope for those of us who have created the problem, or for those who are already suffering its consequences? And can our desire to deliver this hope get in the way of taking action and therefore risk doing more harm than good?

The richest 1 per cent of the world’s population are responsible for more than twice as much carbon pollution as the people who make up the poorest half of humanity.


Perhaps, if you are one of the 19 million US citizens or the 4 million citizens of China who belong to that top 1 per cent – along with everyone else who has a net worth of $1,055,337 or more – then hope is perhaps not what you need the most. At least not from an objective perspective.

Of course, we hear, some progress is being made. Some nations and regions report quite astonishing reductions in CO2 emissions – or at least in the years since the world first started negotiating the frameworks for how we manage our statistics. But how do all those reductions hold up once we include our total emissions, rather than carefully managed territorial statistics? In other words, all those emissions that we so successfully negotiated out of these figures. For instance, outsourcing factories to distant parts of the world and negotiating emissions from international aviation and shipping out of our statistics – which means that we not only manufacture our products by using cheap labour and exploiting people, we also erase the associated emissions – emissions that have, in reality, increased. Is that progress?

To stay in line with our international climate targets we need to get our individual per capita emissions down to somewhere around 1 tonne of carbon dioxide a year. In Sweden, that figure currently stands at around9 tonnes, once you include consumption of imported goods. In the US that figure is 17.1 tonnes, in Canada 15.4 tonnes, in Australia 14.9 tonnes and in China 6.6 tonnes. When you add biogenic emissions – such as emissions from the burning of wood and vegetation – those figures will in many cases be even higher. And in forestry nations such as Sweden and Canada,significantly higher.

Keeping emissions below 1 tonne per person a year will not be a problem for the majority of the world’s population, since they will only need to make modest reductions – if any – in order to live inside the planetary boundaries. In many cases, they would even be able to increase their emissions quite substantially.

But the idea that countries such as Germany, Italy, Switzerland,New Zealand, Norway, and so on will be able to achieve such enormous reductions within a couple of decades without major systemic transformations is naive. And still this is what the leaders of the so-called Global North are suggesting will happen. In Part Four of this book we will be looking at how that progress is coming along.

Some people believe that if they were to join the climate movement now, they would be among the last. But that is very far from true. In fact,if you do decide to take action now, you would still be a pioneer. The final part of this book focuses on solutions and things we can actually do to make real difference, from small, individual actions to a planetary system change.

This book is intended to be democratic, because democracy is our best tool to solve this crisis. There may be subtle disagreements between the people writing from the front lines. Each person in this book is speaking from their own point of view and may arrive at different conclusions. However, we need all of their collective wisdom if we are to create the enormous public pressure required to make change. And rather than having one or two ‘communication experts’ or individual scientists drawing all the conclusions for you as a reader, the idea behind this book is that, taken together, their knowledge in their respective areas of expertise will lead you to a point where you can start to connect the dots yourself. At least, this is my hope. Because I believe the most important conclusions are yet to be drawn – and hopefully they will be drawn by you.
© Kim Jakobsen To
Greta Thunberg was born in 2003. In August 2018, she started a school strike for the climate outside the Swedish Parliament that has since spread all over the world. She is an activist in Fridays for Future and has spoken at climate rallies across the globe, as well as at the World Economic Forum in Davos, the US Congress, and the United Nations. View titles by Greta Thunberg

About

We still have time to change the world. From Greta Thunberg, the world's leading climate activist, comes the essential handbook for making it happen.

You might think it's an impossible task: secure a safe future for life on Earth, at a scale and speed never seen, against all the odds. There is hope - but only if we listen to the science before it's too late.

In The Climate Book, Greta Thunberg has gathered the wisdom of over one hundred experts - geophysicists, oceanographers and meteorologists; engineers, economists and mathematicians; historians, philosophers and indigenous leaders - to equip us all with the knowledge we need to combat climate disaster. Alongside them, she shares her own stories of demonstrating and uncovering greenwashing around the world, revealing how much we have been kept in the dark. This is one of our biggest challenges, she shows, but also our greatest source of hope. Once we are given the full picture, how can we not act? And if a schoolchild's strike could ignite a global protest, what could we do collectively if we tried?

We are alive at the most decisive time in the history of humanity. Together, we can do the seemingly impossible. But it has to be us, and it has to be now.


* This audiobook edition includes a downloadable PDF of climate charts and trends from throughout the book.

Table of Contents

PART ONE /How Climate Works 

1.1    ‘To solve this problem, we need to understand it’ / Greta Thunberg 
                         
1.2      The Deep History of Carbon Dioxide                                           
Peter Brannen / Science journalist, contributing writer at the Atlantic and author of The Ends of the World.

1.3      Our Evolutionary Impact     
Beth Shapiro / Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California, Santa Cruz and author of Life as We Made It.

1.4      Civilization and Extinction   
Elizabeth Kolbert / Staff writer for the New Yorker and the author, most recently, of Under a White Sky: The Nature of the Future.

1.5    ‘The science is as solid as it gets’ / Greta Thunberg 
                                                           
1.6      The Discovery of Climate Change 
Michael Oppenheimer / Atmospheric scientist, Princeton University’s Professor of Geosciences and International Affairs and long-time IPCC author.

1.7      Why Didn’t They Act? 
Naomi Oreskes / Professor of the History of Science and Affiliated Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University.

1.8      Tipping Points and Feedback Loops   
Johan Rockström / Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Professor at Potsdam University.

1.9    ‘This is the biggest story in the world’ / Greta Thunberg                                                

PART TWO / How Our Planet Is Changing             
2.1    ‘The weather seems to be on steroids’ / Greta Thunberg     
                                           
2.2      Heat 
Katharine Hayhoe / Endowed Chair and Distinguished Professor at Texas Tech University and author of Saving Us.

2.3      Methane and Other Gases 
Zeke Hausfather / Climate research lead at Stripe, research scientist at Berkeley Earth.

2.4      Air Pollution and Aerosols     
Bjørn H. Samset / Senior researcher at CICERO Centre for International Climate Research, an IPCC lead author, and expert on the effects of non-CO2 emissions.

2.5      Clouds  
Paulo Ceppi / Lecturer in climate science at the Grantham Institute and the Department of Physics at Imperial College London.

2.6      Arctic Warming and the Jet Stream   
Jennifer Francis / Senior scientist at the Woodwell Climate Research Center and formerly Research Professor in Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers University.

2.7      Dangerous Weather     
Friederike Otto / Senior lecturer in Climate Science at the Grantham Institute at Imperial College London and co-lead of World Weather Attribution.

2.8    ‘The snowball has been set in motion’ / Greta Thunberg                                                  

2.9      Droughts and Floods 
Kate Marvel / Climate scientist at the Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research and the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

2.10    Ice Sheets, Shelves and Glaciers   
Ricarda Winkelmann / Professor of Climate System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the University of Potsdam.

2.11    Warming Oceans and Rising Seas   
Stefan Rahmstorf / Head of Earth System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute and Professor of Physics of the Oceans at the University of Potsdam.

2.12    Acidification and Marine Ecosystems 
Hans-Otto Pörtner / Climatologist, physiologist, Professor and Head of the Department of Integrative Ecophysiology at the Alfred Wegener Institute.

2.13    Microplastics   
Karin Kvale / Senior researcher at GNS Science and expert in modelling the role of marine ecology in global biogeochemical cycles.

2.14    Fresh Water 
Peter H. Gleick / Co-founder and president-emeritus of the Pacific Institute, member US National Academy of Sciences, hydroclimatologist.

2.15    ‘It is much closer to home than we think’ / Greta Thunberg          

2.16    Wildfires  
Joëlle Gergis / Senior lecturer in Climate Science at the Australian National University and lead author on the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.

2.17    The Amazon 
Carlos A. Nobre / Earth System scientist on the Amazon, Chair of the Science Panel for the Amazon and the convener of the Amazonia 4.0 project.
Julia Arieira / Plant Ecologist and Earth system scientist at Brazil’s Federal University of Espírito Santo.
Nathália Nascimento / Geographer and Earth system scientist at Brazil’s Federal University of Espírito Santo.

2.18    Boreal and Temperate Forests      
Beverly E. Law / Professor Emeritus of Global Change Biology and Terrestrial Systems Science at Oregon State University.

2.19    Terrestrial Biodiversity 
Adriana De Palma / World Economic Forum Young Scientist and senior researcher at the Natural History Museum in London.
Andy Purvis / Biodiversity researcher at the Natural History Museum in London; led a chapter of the first IPBES Global Assessment of Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services.

2.20    Insects  
Dave Goulson / Professor of Biology at the University of Sussex; author of over
400 scientific articles on insect ecology and, among other books, Silent Earth.

2.21    Nature’s Calendar  
Keith W. Larson / Ecologist researching environmental change in the Arctic and Director of the Arctic Centre at Umeå University.

2.22    Soil    
Jennifer L. Soong / Soil carbon scientist at Corteva; affiliate scientist at Colorado State University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

2.23    Permafrost      
Örjan Gustafsson / Professor in Biogeochemistry at Stockholm University, and elected Fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

2.24    What Happens at 1.5, 2 and 4°C of Warming? 
Tamsin Edwards / Climate scientist at King’s College London, an IPCC lead author and science communicator specializing in uncertainties in sea-level rise.

PART THREE /
How It Affects Us 

3.1    ‘The world has a fever’ / Greta Thunberg                                                                                
3.2      Health and Climate   
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus / Director-general of the World Health Organization.

3.3      Heat and Illness   
Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera / Environmental epidemiologist, leader of the Climate Change and Health research group at the University of Bern.

3.4      Air Pollution   
Drew Shindell / Climate scientist and Distinguished Professor at Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment, author on multiple IPCC Assessments.

3.5      Vector-borne Diseases  
Felipe J. Colón-González / Assistant Professor at the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

3.6      Antibiotic Resistance                
John Brownstein / Chief innovation officer, Boston Children’s Hospital; Professor of Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School.
Derek MacFadden / Clinician scientist at the Ottawa Hospital; Junior Clinical Research Chair in Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance at the University of Ottawa, Canada.
Sarah McGough / Infectious disease epidemiologist, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
Mauricio Santillana / Professor of Physics, Northeastern University, and Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.

3.7      Food and Nutrition 
Samuel S. Myers / Principal research scientist, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Director, Planetary Health Alliance.

3.8    ‘We are not all in the same boat’ / Greta Thunberg                                                          

3.9      Life at 1.1°C             
Saleemul Huq / Director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development at the Independent University, Bangladesh.

3.10    Environmental Racism   
Jacqueline Patterson / Founder and Executive Director of the Chisholm Legacy Project, a resource hub for Black front-line climate justice leadership.

3.11    Climate Refugees                                           
Abrahm Lustgarten / Investigative reporter for ProPublica and the New York Times Magazine; author of a forthcoming book about climate-driven migration in the US.

3.12    Sea-level Rise and Small Islands       
Michael Taylor / Caribbean climate scientist, IPCC lead author, professor and dean of the Faculty of Science and Technology, the University of the West Indies, Mona.

3.13    Rain in the Sahel     
Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim / Indigenous woman, geographer and coordinator of the Association of Indigenous Women and Peoples of Chad; UN Sustainable Development Goals advocate.

3.14    Winter in Sápmi    
Elin Anna Labba / Sámi journalist and writer working with Indigenous literatures at Tjállegoahte in Jokkmokk, Sweden.

3.15    Fighting for the Forest     
Sônia Guajajara / Brazilian Indigenous activist, environmentalist and politician, and coordinator of the Association of Indigenous People of Brazil.

3.16    ‘Enormous challenges are waiting’ / Greta Thunberg        

3.17    Warming and Inequality        
Solomon Hsiang / Scientist and economist, Professor and Director of the Global Policy Laboratory at UC Berkeley; co-founder of the Climate Impact Lab.

3.18    Water Shortages                
Taikan Oki / Global hydrologist, former Senior Vice-Rector of the United Nations University, and an IPCC Coordinating Lead Author.
 
3.19    Climate Conflicts                                                                    
Marshall Burke / Associate Professor in the Department of Earth System Science at Stanford University and co-founder of Atlas AI.

3.20    The True Cost of Climate Change       
Eugene Linden / Journalist and author; his most recent book on climate change is Fire and Flood. Previously, The Winds of Change won a Grantham Award.

PART FOUR /What Done We’ve About It

4.1    ‘How can we undo our failures if we are unable to admit that we have failed?’ / Greta Thunberg         

4.2      The New Denialism     
Kevin Anderson / Professor of Energy and Climate Change at the Universities of Manchester, Uppsala and Bergen.

4.3      The Truth about Government Climate Targets     
Alexandra Urisman Otto / Climate reporter at the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter and co-author of Gretas resa (Greta’s Journey).


4.4    ‘We are not moving in the right direction’ / Greta Thunberg                       

4.5      The Persistence of Fossil Fuels                                                
Bill McKibben / Founder of the environmental organizations 350.org and Third Act and author of more than a dozen books, including The End of Nature and Eaarth.

4.6      The Rise of Renewables       
Glen Peters / Research Director at the Centre for International Climate Research in Oslo; member of the executive team of the Global Carbon Budget; an IPCC lead author.

4.7      How Can Forests Help Us?                
Karl-Heinz Erb / An IPCC lead author, Director of the Institute of Social Ecology and associate Professor at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.
Simone Gingrich / Assistant Professor, Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.

4.8      What about Geoengineering?    
Niclas Hällström / Director of WhatNext?, President of the ETC Group, and senior affiliate at Centre for Environment and Development Studies, Uppsala University.
Jennie C. Stephens / Dean’s Professor of Sustainability Science and Policy at Northeastern University, and author of Diversifying Power.
Isak Stoddard / PhD candidate in Natural Resources and Sustainable Development at the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University.

4.9      Drawdown Technologies   
Rob Jackson / Earth scientist at Stanford University and Chair of the Global Carbon Project.
 
4.10
‘A whole new way of thinking’ / Greta Thunberg
 
4.11 Our Imprint on the Land
Alexander Popp / Senior scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and leader of a research group on land-use management.
 
4.12 The Calorie Question
Michael Clark / Environmental scientist at the University of Oxford, focusing on food systems’ contribution to climate, biodiversity and well-being.
  
4.13 Designing New Food Systems
Sonja Vermeulen / Director of Programs at CGIAR, and Associate at Chatham House.
  
4.14 Mapping Emissions in an Industrial World
John Barrett / Professor in Energy and Climate Policy, University of Leeds, government advisor to DEFRA and an IPCC lead author.
Alice Garvey / Researcher at the Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds.
  
4.15 The Technical Hitch
Ketan Joshi / Freelance writer, analyst and communications consultant, who has previously worked for a variety of Australian and European climate organizations.
  
4.16 The Challenge of Transport
Alice Larkin / Vice-Dean and Head of School of Engineering and a Professor of Climate Science and Energy Policy at the Tyndell Centre, University of Manchester.
  
4.17 Is the Future Electric?
Jillian Anable / Co-director of the University of Oxford’s CREDS Centre for Research in energy demand solutions. 
Christian Brand / Co-director of UK Energy Research Centre and Associate Professor at University of Oxford. Author of Personal Travel and Climate Change.
 
4.18
‘They keep saying one thing while doing another’ / Greta Thunberg
 
4.19 The Cost of Consumerism
Annie Lowrey / Staff writer at the Atlantic, covering economic policy, and author of Give People Money
 
4.20 How (Not) to Buy
Mike Berners-Lee / Professor at Lancaster University’s Environment Centre, Director of Small World Consulting Ltd and author of There Is No Planet B.
  
4.21 Waste around the World
Silpa Kaza / Senior urban development specialist in the World Bank’s Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience and Land Global Practice.
  
4.22  The Myth of Recycling
Nina Schrank / Senior campaigner for the Plastics Team at Greenpeace UK.
 
4.23       ‘This is where we draw the line’ / Greta Thunberg                                                      

4.24    Emissions and Growth      
Nicholas Stern / Professor of Economics and Government; Chair of
the Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science.

4.25    Equity    
Sunita Narain / Director-general of the Centre for Science and Environment, a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organization based in New Delhi.

4.26    Degrowth               
Jason Hickel / Economic anthropologist, author and Professor at the Institute for Environmental Science and Technology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

4.27    The Perception Gap     
Amitav Ghosh / Author of sixteen works of fiction and non-fiction; the first
English-language writer to receive India’s highest literary honour, the Jnanpith Award.

PART FIVE / What We Must Do Now                
5.1    ‘The most effective way to get out of this mess is to educate ourselves’ / Greta Thunberg                                                
5.2      Individual Action, Social Transformation                               
Stuart Capstick / An environmental social scientist based at Cardiff University and Deputy Director of the Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations. Lorraine Whitmarsh / Professor of Environmental Psychology, University of Bath; Director of the Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations.

5.3      Towards 1.5°C Lifestyles     
Kate Raworth / Co-founder of Doughnut Economics Action Lab and Senior Associate at Oxford University’s Environmental Change Institute.

5.4      Overcoming Climate Apathy   
Per Espen Stoknes / A psychologist, TEDGlobal speaker and Co-director of the Centre for Sustainability at the Norwegian Business School.

5.5      Changing Our Diets                 
Gidon Eshel / Professor of environmental physics at Bard College, New York.

5.6      Remembering the Ocean                  Ayana Elizabeth Johnson / Marine biologist, co-founder of the policy think tank Urban Ocean Lab, co-editor of All We Can Save, and co-creator of How to Save a Planet.


5.7      Rewilding          
George Monbiot / Writer, film-maker and environmental activist; author of a weekly column for the Guardian as well as various books and videos.
Rebecca Wrigley / Founder and Chief Executive of Rewilding Britain and has worked in conservation and community development for thirty years.

5.8    ‘We now have to do the seemingly impossible’ / Greta Thunberg      

5.9      Practical Utopias             
Margaret Atwood / Booker Prize–winning author of more than fifty books of fiction, poetry and critical essays.

5.10    People Power                                                    
Erica Chenoweth / Political scientist, Professor at Harvard University.

5.11    Changing the Media Narrative               
George Monbiot / Writer, film-maker and environmental activist; author of a weekly column for the Guardian as well as various books and videos.

5.12    Resisting the New Denialism                                         
Michael E. Mann / Atmospheric Science at Penn State, IPCC contributor, and author of many books, including The New Climate War.

5.13    A Genuine Emergency Response                   
Seth Klein / Team lead with the Climate Emergency Unit and author of A Good War: Mobilizing Canada for the Climate Emergency.

5.14    Lessons from the Pandemic            
David Wallace-Wells / New York Times Opinion writer and magazine columnist. Author of The Uninhabitable Earth.

5.15    ‘Honesty, solidarity, integrity and climate justice’ / Greta Thunberg   

5.16    A Just Transition         
Naomi Klein / Journalist and bestselling author; UBC Professor of Climate Justice and Co-director of the Centre for Climate Justice at the University of British Columbia.

5.17    What Does Equity Mean to You           
Nicki Becker / Law student and climate justice activist from Argentina. Co-founder of Jovenes por el Clima; active in Fridays For Future MAPA.
Disha A. Ravi / Indian climate and environmental justice activist and writer. Hilda Flavia Nakabuye / Climate and environmental rights activist who founded Uganda’s Fridays For Future movement.
Laura Verónica Muñoz / Ecofeminist from the Colombian Andean mountains involved in Fridays For Future, Pacto X el Clima and Unite for Climate Action. Ina Maria Shikongo / Mother, climate justice activist and poet active in the Fridays For Future International movement.
Ayisha Siddiqa / Pakistani-American storyteller, climate justice advocate and Co-founder of Polluters Out and Fossil Free University.
Mitzi Jonelle Tan / Full-time climate justice activist based in the Philippines involved with Youth Advocates for Climate Action Philippines and Fridays For Future.
 
5.18    Women and the Climate Crisis     
Wanjira Mathai / Kenyan environmentalist and activist, and Vice-President and Regional Director for Africa at the World Resources Institute. 

5.19    Decarbonization Requires Redistribution        
Lucas Chancel / Co-director of the World Inequality Lab at the Paris School of Economics and Affiliate Professor at Sciences Po.
Thomas Piketty / Professor at EHESS and the Paris School of Economics, Co-director of the World Inequality Lab and the World Inequality Database.

5.20    Climate Reparations                                                
Olúfé. mi O. Táíwò / Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University, and author of Reconsidering Reparations and Elite Capture.

5.21    Mending Our Relationship with the Earth     
Robin Wall Kimmerer / SUNY Distinguished Teacher of Environmental Biology, founder and Director of the Center for Native Peoples and the Environment.

5.22    ‘Hope is something you have to earn’ / Greta Thunberg

Excerpt

1.1

To solve this problem, we need to understand it. 

Greta Thunberg

The climate and ecological crisis is the greatest threat that humanity has ever faced. It will no doubt be the issue that will define and shape our future everyday life like no other. This is painfully clear. In the last few years, the way we see and talk about the crisis has started to shift. But since we have wasted so many decades ignoring and downplaying this escalating emergency, our societies are still in a state of denial. This is, after all, the age of communication, where what you say can easily outweigh what you do. That is how we have ended up with such a great number of major fossil-fuel- producing – and high-emitting – nations calling themselves climate leaders, despite not having any credible climate mitigation policies in place. This is the age of the great greenwashing machine.

There are no black-and-white issues in life. No categorical answers. Everything is a subject for endless debate and compromise. This is one of the core principles of our current society. A society which, when it comes to sustainability, has a lot to answer for. Because that core principle is wrong. There are some issues that are black and white. There are indeed planetary and societal boundaries that must not be crossed. For instance, we think our societies can be a little bit more or a little bit less sustainable. But in the long run you cannot be a little bit sustainable – either you are sustainable or you are unsustainable. It is like walking on thin ice – either it carries your weight, or it does not. Either you make it to the shore, or you fall into the deep, dark, cold waters. And if that should happen to us, there will not be any nearby planet coming to our rescue. We are completely on our own.

It is my genuine belief that the only way we will be able to avoid the worst consequences of this emerging existential crisis is if we create a critical mass of people who demand the changes required. For that to happen, we need to rapidly spread awareness, because the general public still lacks much of the basic knowledge that is necessary to understand the dire situation we are in. My wish is to be part of the effort to change that.

I have decided to use my platform to create a book based on the current best available science – a book that covers the climate, ecological and sustainability crisis holistically. Because the climate crisis is, of course, only a symptom of a much larger sustainability crisis. My hope is that this book might be some kind of go-to source for understanding these different, closely interconnected crises.

In 2021, I invited a great number of leading scientists and experts, and activists, authors and storytellers to contribute with their individual expertise. This book is the result of their work: a comprehensive collection of facts,stories, graphs and photographs showing some of the different faces of the sustainability crisis with a clear focus on climate and ecology.

It covers everything from melting ice shelves to economics, from fast fashion to the loss of species, from pandemics to vanishing islands, from deforestation to the loss of fertile soils, from water shortages to Indigenous sovereignty, from future food production to carbon budgets – and it lays bare the actions of those responsible and the failures of those who should have already shared this information with the citizens of the world.There is still time for us to avoid the worst outcomes. There is still hope, but not if we continue as we are today. To solve this problem, we first need to understand it – and to understand the fact that the problem itself is by definition a series of interconnected problems. We need to lay out the facts and tell it like it is. Science is a tool, and we all need to learn how to use it.

We also need to answer some fundamental questions. Like, what is it, exactly, we want to solve in the first place? What is our goal? Is it to lower emissions, or to be able to go on living as we are today? Is our goal to safeguard present and future living conditions, or is it to maintain a high consumption way of life? Is there such a thing as green growth? And can we have eternal economic growth on a finite planet?

Right now, many of us are in need of hope. But what is hope? And hope for whom? Hope for those of us who have created the problem, or for those who are already suffering its consequences? And can our desire to deliver this hope get in the way of taking action and therefore risk doing more harm than good?

The richest 1 per cent of the world’s population are responsible for more than twice as much carbon pollution as the people who make up the poorest half of humanity.


Perhaps, if you are one of the 19 million US citizens or the 4 million citizens of China who belong to that top 1 per cent – along with everyone else who has a net worth of $1,055,337 or more – then hope is perhaps not what you need the most. At least not from an objective perspective.

Of course, we hear, some progress is being made. Some nations and regions report quite astonishing reductions in CO2 emissions – or at least in the years since the world first started negotiating the frameworks for how we manage our statistics. But how do all those reductions hold up once we include our total emissions, rather than carefully managed territorial statistics? In other words, all those emissions that we so successfully negotiated out of these figures. For instance, outsourcing factories to distant parts of the world and negotiating emissions from international aviation and shipping out of our statistics – which means that we not only manufacture our products by using cheap labour and exploiting people, we also erase the associated emissions – emissions that have, in reality, increased. Is that progress?

To stay in line with our international climate targets we need to get our individual per capita emissions down to somewhere around 1 tonne of carbon dioxide a year. In Sweden, that figure currently stands at around9 tonnes, once you include consumption of imported goods. In the US that figure is 17.1 tonnes, in Canada 15.4 tonnes, in Australia 14.9 tonnes and in China 6.6 tonnes. When you add biogenic emissions – such as emissions from the burning of wood and vegetation – those figures will in many cases be even higher. And in forestry nations such as Sweden and Canada,significantly higher.

Keeping emissions below 1 tonne per person a year will not be a problem for the majority of the world’s population, since they will only need to make modest reductions – if any – in order to live inside the planetary boundaries. In many cases, they would even be able to increase their emissions quite substantially.

But the idea that countries such as Germany, Italy, Switzerland,New Zealand, Norway, and so on will be able to achieve such enormous reductions within a couple of decades without major systemic transformations is naive. And still this is what the leaders of the so-called Global North are suggesting will happen. In Part Four of this book we will be looking at how that progress is coming along.

Some people believe that if they were to join the climate movement now, they would be among the last. But that is very far from true. In fact,if you do decide to take action now, you would still be a pioneer. The final part of this book focuses on solutions and things we can actually do to make real difference, from small, individual actions to a planetary system change.

This book is intended to be democratic, because democracy is our best tool to solve this crisis. There may be subtle disagreements between the people writing from the front lines. Each person in this book is speaking from their own point of view and may arrive at different conclusions. However, we need all of their collective wisdom if we are to create the enormous public pressure required to make change. And rather than having one or two ‘communication experts’ or individual scientists drawing all the conclusions for you as a reader, the idea behind this book is that, taken together, their knowledge in their respective areas of expertise will lead you to a point where you can start to connect the dots yourself. At least, this is my hope. Because I believe the most important conclusions are yet to be drawn – and hopefully they will be drawn by you.

Author

© Kim Jakobsen To
Greta Thunberg was born in 2003. In August 2018, she started a school strike for the climate outside the Swedish Parliament that has since spread all over the world. She is an activist in Fridays for Future and has spoken at climate rallies across the globe, as well as at the World Economic Forum in Davos, the US Congress, and the United Nations. View titles by Greta Thunberg

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